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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (23)
  • 1980-1984  (14)
  • 1975-1979  (9)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Fragmentation Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds with Electronegative β-Substituents, XXXII: Reaction of 2,2-Dialkyl-1-cyclohexyl-3-tosyloxy-1-propanone with NucleophilesTosylates 6 and 12 are synthesized starting from ketones 4 and 10,6 and 12 react with CH3Li to yield the oxetanes 17 and 20. LiBH4 reduction of 6 and 12 leads to the oxetanes 16 and 19, as well as to the tosyloxy alcohols 21 and 22. The neopentyl substitution products 7 and 13 are obtained from 6 and 12 with KCN in DMSO, whereas from 6 the cyano oxetane 18 was isolated too. With potassium tert-butoxide 6 reacts to give the enol ether 23, whereas 12 leads to the cyclo-butanone 25. The triflate 14 react with NaOCH3 to give the substitution product 15.
    Notes: Ausgehend von den Ketonen 4 und 10 werden die Tosylate 6 und 12 dargestellt, die mit CH3Li zu den Oxetanen 17 bzw. 20 reagieren. LiBH4-Reduktion von 6 bzw. 12 führt zu den Oxetanen 16 bzw. 19. daneben werden die Tosyloxy-alkohole 21 bzw. 22 isoliert. setzt man 6 bzw. 12 mit KCN in DMSO um, so werden die Neopentylsubstitutionsprodukte 7 bzw. 13, daneben aus 6 auch das Cyan-oxetan 18 erhalten. Mit Kalium-tert-butylalkoholat erhält man aus 6 den Enol-äther 23, dagegen aus 12 das Cyclobutanon 25. Das Triflat 14 reagiert mit NaOCH3 unter Substitution zu 15.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Das erst kürzlich am System Aceton/Diäthyläther/Polystyrol (AC/DEE/PS) erstmals beobachtete Phänomen der «Echten Kosolvenz» wird bezüglich seiner Druckabhängigkeit untersucht und mit dem thermodynamischen Verhalten der entsprechenden binären Subsysteme verglichen. Zur Feststellung der Grenzen der vollständigen Mischbarkeit diente dabei eine Druckapparatur, die zur Messung der Trübung von fluiden Phasen im Bereich von -70 bis +500°Cund von 1 bis 4000 bar (105 bis 4·108 Nm-2) gebaut wurde.Die für das System DEE/PS (MPS = 20400) beobachtete kritische Kurve verlluft ahnlich wie die in der Literatur fur AC/PS angegebene, d. h. die oberen kritischen Entmischungs-temperaturen werden mit steigendem Druck zu kleineren, die unteren kritischen Entmi-schungstemperaturen zu griiljeren Werten verschoben. Im Falle der echten Kosolvenz (MPS = 110000) umschreibt die kritische Kurve fur Normaldruck den Bereich von Tempe-ratur und Zusammensetzung des Mischlosungsmittels, in dem die Liisungen unabhangig von der Polymerkonzentration stets homogen bleiben. Mit steigendem Druck vergriibert sich dieser Bereich allseitig, so dafi eine trompetenartige kritische Fllche entsteht. Dieses experimentelle Ergebnis wird theoretisch durch die «single-liquid approximation» von Scott recht gut wiedergegeben, wenn man das thermodynamische Verhalten der binaren Subsysteme auf der Basis der Prigogine-Patterson-Theorie beschreibt.
    Notes: The phenomenon of “true cosolvency”, which has only recently been observed in the system acetone/diethyl ether/polystyrene (AC/DEE/PS), is investigated with regard to its pressure dependence and compared with the thermodynamic behaviour of the corresponding binary sub-systems. For the determination of the limits of complete solubility, a pressure apparatus was used which had been constructed, in order to measure the turbidity of fluids in the temperature range of -70 to +500°Cand in the pressure range of 1 to 4000 bar (105 to 4·108 Nm-2).The critical line observed for the system DEE/PS (MPS=20400) looks similar to that reported for AC/PS in the literature, i.e. the upper critical solution temperatures are shifted towards lower and the lower critical solution temperatures towards higher values when the pressure is increased. In the case of true cosolvency (MPS=110000), the critical line for atmospheric pressure encircles the range of temperature and composition of the mixed solvent within which the solutions stay homogeneous irrespective of polymer concentration. With increasing pressure, this range expands all around, thus creating a trumpet-like surface. This experimental result is well reproduced theoretically by the “single-liquid approximation” of Scott, where the thermodynamic behaviour of the binary sub-systems is described on the basis of the Prigogine-Patterson theory.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 180 (1979), S. 517-521 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Solutions of poly (decyl methacrylate) in isooctane (2,2, 4-trimethylpentane) show lower critical solution temperatures (LCST) that lie well below the thermal degradation of the polymer. The corresponding exothermal theta-temperature (from the Shultz-Flory plot) amounts to 210°C. The increase in solvent quality by pressure turns out to be very pronounced (d Tc/dp ≈ +1 K/bar). With solutions of the polymer in motor oils, high temperature demixing is unlikely to occur below their boiling point. The theoretical evaluation of published experimental data for 11 different systems exhibiting LCSTs demonstrates the following: Under the equilibrium vapour pressure of the solution high temperature demixing is generally observed withing the temperature interval between Tb, the boiling point of the pure solvent (1 bar), and 1,5 Tb. As Tc - Tb increases, the heats of mixing and the pressure influence on Tc increase, too.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 184 (1983), S. 2539-2551 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The viscosity of solutions of poly(decyl methacrylate)s, PDMA, in 1-pentanol (thermodynamically poor solvent) and in toluence or isooctane (good solvents) was measured up to shear rates of 3 · 104s-1 by means of rotational viscosimeters. The observed pronounced shear thinning is for all solutions well described by the theory of Graessley, with the extension, introduced by Ito. Two parameters, resulting from the evaluation of the flow curves on the basis of the above theory, are discussed: τ0, a characteristic relaxation time of the polymer chain, is found to be in the range of ms. ηfric, a frictional parameter, independent of shear rate, amounts upto 50% of the zero-shear viscosity for the measured solutions. Both, τ0 and ηfric, increase with decreasing solvent quality, increasing molecular weight, and increasing concentration, in accord with theory. A comparatively sharp downward bend, separating two power-law regimes, shows up with moderately concentrated solutions, as the shear rate exceeds about 103 to 104 s-1. This transition is tentatively interpreted as an orientation of the long side chains of PDMA.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 2169-2181 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: By means of data from critical demixing and vapour pressure measurements and by inverse gas chromatography, including the results of published light scattering measurments, a consistent picture is obtained for the entire dependence of the Flory-Huggins parameter χ on the weight fraction w2 of the polymer and on the temperature T for the system tert-butyl acetate/polystyrene. Within the entire T-range (ca. 0°C - 140°C), χ increases stronger than exponentially with w2, the rise being the larger the larger χH (the enthalpy contribution to χ) becomes in the limit of infinite dilution. At sufficiently high temperatures (≳ 50°C), χH changes its sign from negative to positive as w2 is raised. This behaviour, as well as the general shape of χ(w2) is in qualitative accord with the results of the corresponding-states theory as developed by Flory et al.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Cloud-point curves and critical curves (Tc = f(p)) have been measured for the system trans-decahydronaphthalene/polystyrene and three different molecular weights of the polystyrene component (2,5 · 106; 3,9 · 105; 1,1 · 105). It turned out that by variation of the pressure the metastable region can be investigated up to the spinodal curve.A comparison of the theta-temperatures and the enthalpy contributions χH (to the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter χ) resulting from the measured critical temperatures according to Shultz-Flory, with the corresponding directly obtained literature data, demonstrates that, although the extrapolation of Tc to infinite molecular weight is feasible, χH obtained in this way is greater by a factor of approximately three, due to the concentration dependence of χ. The same is true for the determination of χV (the contribution of the work in change of volume to χ) from the molecular weight dependence of the critical pressure. The determination of χV from the slope of the critical curves and known χH is, however, possible; the results are in good agreement with direct measurements.The shape of the critical curves calculated theoretically according to Prigogine and Patterson, turns out to be very sensitive to the precise values chosen for the mechanical data of the pure components. By adjustment of the system-specific parameters the measured critical curves can be well represented analytically.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 178 (1977), S. 1869-1871 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The demixing behavior of 20 representatives of the system oligo(dimethylsiloxane)/oligo(propylene glycol) (ODMS/OPG)The prefix “oligo” has been chosen for all products, since the addition or removal of a few monomeric units changes the physical properties considerably (cf. Tab. I), even in the case of the highest molecular weight sample. is investigated at pressures up to 1 500 bar. The degrees of oligomerization range from 2 to 5 for the first and from 1 to 57, 6 for the second component. The experimental results are compared with those for the previously studied system oligoisobutene/oligo(propylene glycol) (OIB/OPG). In both cases the observed upper critical temperatures Tc increase with the number of monomeric units of the less polar component, whereas they run through a minimum when the number of monomeric units of the glycol is raised. For the present system the Tc values are found to be considerably higher than that of OIB/OPG and the optimum compatibility can normally be observed already between 1 and 7 propylene glycol units as against 50 in the case of OIB/OPG. In the low pressure region Tc of ODMS/OPG is decreased by pressure for all representatives of this system, while enhanced incompatibility has been found with OIB/OPG. For ODMS/OPG the special features of the critical lines are determined by the chain length of OPG, for OIB/OPG by that of OIB. For ODMS/OPG the initial reduction of Tc by pressure is most pronounced with the highest molecular weight oligo(propylene glycol), for which it amounts up to 0,3 K/bar; with increasing pressure and decreasing chain length the effects become smaller. For the lowest molecular weight sample of OPG the critical lines show a vertex at 700-1000 bar. In any case the two systems under consideration behave in an increasingly similar manner as the pressure is raised. The theoretical evaluation and discussion of the above results is performed by analogy with that of the first paper in this series.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 182 (1981), S. 1801-1818 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In order to investigate the influences of different end-groups on oligomer miscibility with other substances, oligo(propylene glycol)s bearing —OH groups (OPG-OH) studied in the previous paper2, were acetylated at both ends (OPG-AC). The limits of miscibility of OPG-AC with oligo(dimethylsiloxane) (ODMS) were measured turbidimetrically. A simple and reliable method for the determination of the critical points from turbidity data is presented. The observed upper critical temperatures (Tc) increase with degree of oligomerization of ODMS (ranging from 1 to 5), whereas Tc shows a minimum when the degree of oligomerization of the OPG-AC is raised (from 1 to 57,5). For lower mol. wt. oligoglycols, the Tc-values of ODMS/OPG-AC are lower by ca. 50 K as compared with those of ODMS/OPG-OH. The different end-groups play a minor role with respect to the pressure influences (up to 1 500 bar the miscibility increases in all cases). For OPG-AC the chain length of optimum miscibility with a given ODMS is found at considerably lower values than for OPG-OH. The theoretical evaluation of the experimental material on the basis of the lattice theory yields a reduction in the enthalpies of mixing up to 10% and an increase in the volumes of mixing (〈0) up to 50% when —OH is replaced by —AC. For the treatment of end-group effects, the solubility parameter theory, when combined with the concept of molar attraction constants, presents several advantages: In particular it is possible to describe the phase separation behaviour of the different oligomer mixtures simply by means of solubility parameters and molar volumes of the different segments and end-groups and to forecast the presence or absence of a chain-length of optimum miscibility.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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