ALBERT

Notes: Summary A tethered balloon sounder was used to collect vertical temperature and wind structure data in the Gore River Valley of Western Colorado during December, 1975. Observations taken on a clear morning in which a deep inversion was initially present in the valley showed that the inversion top descended at a steady rate of ∼120 m hr−1. reaching the valley bottom after approximately 4 hours. Weak down-valley winds were present within the inversion layer while stronger up-valley winds prevailed above. A hypothesis is presented to account for these observations. A case study is presented for afternoon and evening cooling in which a ground-based inversion developed to a depth of 175 m in less than 2 hours. Winds within the inversion became decoupled from the synoptic-scale winds and remained very weak during the night. The effect of cloud cover during a morning heating cycle was to make the temperature soundings approach isothermal while sensible heating continued throughout the valley volume.

Notes: Abstract Changes in vegetation and land use since 1826 were evaluated along the 800 kilometer portion of the Missouri River flood-plain that extends across the State of Missouri using County Land Office Survey records for 1826 and aerial photos for 1937, 1958, and 1972. The combined results show a decline in flood-plain forest coverage from 76% in 1826 to 13% in 1972; cultivated land increased from 18% to 83% during the same time. Uncultivated-unforested areas increased from 6% in 1826 to 27% in 1937, then declined to 1% in 1972; these changes occurred coincident with extensive bank-stabilization and channelization activities initiated in 1912 by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Riverbank stabilization activity since that time may account for the increased rate of decline in flood-plain forests from 0.25% per year between 1826 and 1937 to 1.6% per year between 1937 and 1972. The overall species composition of the 1826 flood-plain forests was found to be most similar to mature forest stands evaluated in 1972; similar frequencies in 1826 and 1972 occurred for hackberry (Celtis occidentalis; 80% in 1826, 83% in 1972), elm (Ulmus spp.; 80% and 83%), and sycamore (Platanus occidentalis; 57% and 50%). Pawpaw (Asimina triloba), found only in mature flood-plain forests in 1972, was recorded along 54% of the 1826 section lines. These combined data indicate (1) that pre-settlement flood-plain forests were extensive and included frequent, mature stands, (2) that in certain areas substantial portions of the flood-plain were in cultivation prior to extensive riverbank stabilization and channelization, and (3) that increased flood-plain forest clearing occurred coincident with increased bank-stabilization activities.

Notes: Abstract Methodology is described to enrich for heterokaryons after mammalian cell fusion. A heterogeneous cell mixture can be separated on a Sta-Put apparatus into fractions of uniform size cells by sedimentation through a 1% bovine serum albumin-5% Ficoll gradient. Unfused RAG and LM/TK− cells, differing by 10% in diameter, have been sorted by size; following fusion, larger and faster sedimenting cells were shown to be hybrids. This methodology can be utilized in genetic complementation studies of human genetic diseases where selection procedures for proliferating hybrids do not exist. When fibroblasts from individuals with Tay-Sachs disease [deficient in hexosaminidase A (HEX A−)] and Sandhoff-Jatzkewitz disease (HEX A− and HEX B−) are fused, HEX A is generated, demonstrating complementation of two different mutations. After Sta-Put fractionation, the HEX A complementation product was associated with the faster sedimenting multinuclear cells and not with the mononuclear parental cells. This methodology will facilitate detection of genetic differences in fibroblasts from related inherited disorders.

Notes: Abstract The effects of polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecular weight and concentration on mammalian cell hybridization were studied. The peak hybridization-inducing activity with all grades of PEG from 400–6000 was found to occur in the concentration range of 50–55%. However, changes in concentration were seen to have different quantitative effects with different grades of PEG. For monolayer fusions, PEG 1000 at 50% seems to be the optimal combination of PEG molecular weight and concentration, in terms of both efficiency of hybridization and relative insensitivity to dilution effects.

Notes: Abstract A bioautographic assay was developed for the visualization of aminoacylase-1 (N -acylamino acid aminohydrolase, ACY-1; EC 3.5.1.14) after zone electrophoresis. Bioautography and species differences in electrophoretic mobility of ACY-1 made it possible to investigate the chromosome assignment of the gene for human ACY-1 using human—mouse somatic cell hybrids. Human ACY-1 segregated concordantly with β-galactosidase-A (βGAL A;EC 3.2.1.23) but showed discordant segregation with 32 other markers representing 23 linkage groups. The β GALA gene has been previously assigned to chromosome 3. From this evidence and confirming chromosome analyses, ACY-1has been assigned to chromosome 3. A genetic polymorphism in the electrophoretic mobility of ACY was observed in mouse strains, demonstrating that this enzyme can be mapped in genetic crosses of Mus musculus.

Notes: Abstract The structural gene (βGALA) coding for lysosomal β-galactosidase- A (EC 3.2.1.23) has been assigned to human chromosome 3 using man-mouse somatic cell hybrids. Human β-galactosidase-A was identified in cell hybrids with a species-specific antiserum to human liver β-galactosidase-A. The antiserum precipitates β-galactosidase-A from human tissues, cultured cells, and cell hybrids, and recognizes cross-reacting material from a patient with GM1 gangliosidosis. We have analyzed 90 primary man-mouse hybrids derived from 12 separate fusion experiments utilizing cells from 9 individuals. Enzyme segregation analysis excluded all chromosomes for βGALA assignment except chromosome 3. Concordant segregation of chromosomes and enzymes in 16 cell hybrids demonstrated assignment of βGALA to chromosome 3; all other chromosomes were excluded. The evidence suggests that GM1 gangliosidosis is a consequence of mutation at this βGALA locus on chromosome 3.

Notes: Abstract Using somatic cell hybridization gene mapping methodology, genes coding for human cell-surface proteins have been assigned to specific chromosomes. Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination was employed to label external membrane proteins in cell hybrids between mouse and human cultured cells. Mouse and human external membrane proteins were separated by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. After electrophoresis, external membrane proteins were identified by autoradiography. An external membrane protein of 130,000 molecular weight (EMP-130) segregated concordantly with glutamic oxaloacetic transaminases (GOTs, EC 2.6.1.1), an enzyme marker encoded on chromosome 10. External membrane proteins of 195,000 and 175,000 molecular weight (EMP-195 and EMP-175) segregated concordantly with nucleoside phosphorylase (NP, EC 2.4.2.1), an enzyme marker encoded on chromosome 14. Limited proteolysis of the 195,000 and 175,000 molecular weight proteins suggests that these two proteins are modified forms of each other and are encoded by the same locus. These findings demonstrate the mapping of human genes coding for external proteins EMP-130 and EMP-195 to chromosomes 10 and 14, respectively. Chromosome analyses of cell hybrids supported these assignments.

Notes: Abstract The interpretation of diagnostic parameters in the spectral reflectance data for asteroids provides a means of characterizing the mineralogy and petrology of asteroid surface materials. An interpretive technique based on a quantitative understanding of the functional relationship between the optical properties of a mineral assemblage and its mineralogy, petrology and chemistry can provide a considerably more sophisticated characterization of a surface material than any matching or classification technique for those objects bright enough to allow spectral reflectance measurements. Albedos derived from radiometry and polarization data for individual asteroids can be used with spectral data to establish the spectral albedo, to define the optical density of the surface material and, in general, to constrain mineralogical interpretations. Mineral assemblages analogous to most meteorite types, with the exception of ordinary chondritic assemblages, have been found as surface materials of Main Belt asteroids. C1- and C2-like assemblages (unleached, oxidized meteoritic clay minerals plus opaques such as carbon) dominate the population (∼80%) throughout the Belt, especially in the outer Belt. A smaller population of asteroids exhibit surface materials similar to C3 (CO, CV) meteoritic assemblages (olivine plus opaque, probably carbon) and are also distributed throughout the Belt. The relative size (diameter) distributions for these two populations of objects are consistent with an origin by sequential accretion from a cooling nebula (‘C2’ as surface layers, ‘C3’ as interior layers or cores). Based on information from meteoritic analogues and on qualitative models for the behavior of these materials during a heating episode, it seems unlikely that these ‘C2’- and ‘C3’-like asteroidal bodies have experienced any significant post-accretionary heating event either near surface or in the deep interior. The majority of remaining studied asteroids (20) of 65 asteroids exhibit spectral reflectance curves dominated by the presence of metallic nickel-iron in their surface materials. These objects are most probably the several end products of an intense thermal event leading to the melting and differentiating of their protobodies. These thermalized bodies are concentrated toward the inner part of the Asteroid Belt but exist throughout the Belt. The size of the proto-asteroid has apparently exercised control over the post-accretionary thermal history of these bodies. The available evidence indicates that all asteroids larger than about 450 km in (present) diameter have undergone a significant heating episode since their formation. The post-accretionary thermal history of the asteroidal parent bodies was apparently affected by both distance from the Sun and body size. The C2-like materials which dominate the main asteroid belt population appear to be relatively rare on earth-approaching asteroids. This suggests that most of these Apollo-Amor objects are not randomly derived from the main belt, but (a) may derive from a single event in recent time (∼107 yr), (b) may derive from a favorably situated source body, (c) may derive from a particular, compositionally anomalous region of the belt, or (d) may derive from an alternate source (e.g. comets).

Notes: Summary Intranuclear and cytoplasmic annulate lamellae were studied in grasshopper spermatocytes (Melanoplus) with the electron microscope. Although cytoplasmic annulate lamellae were observed in all three species examined, intranuclear annulate lamellae were found in only one species. The intranuclear annulate lamellae encompass certain nuclear material adjacent to the nuclear envelope forming a vesicle that is extruded into the spermatocyte cytoplasm. In this same species, cytoplasmic annulate lamellae are seen contiguous with granular masses of varying size. These structures were noted as being morphologically indistinguishable from the “yolk nuclei” of dragonfly oocytes (Kessel and Beams, 1969; Kessel, 1973).