ALBERT

Notes: Summary The primary exposure standard for medium-energy X-rays of the Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS) is described with particular attention to some innovatory details. Methods for intercalibrating exposure standards from various national primary-standard laboratories are discussed. The results of a comparison between the ISS exposure standard and that of the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures performed in 1983 are presented.

Notes: Summary This paper describes the use of a single-photon counting apparatus (SPCA) for the continuous monitoring of the ultraweak chemiluminescence (UWC) emitted by isolated and perfused rat hearts and deriving from phospholipid peroxydation. Specifically the SPCA was used to assess the peroxidative stress induced in the heart by the addition of an hydroperoxide to the perfusing medium. To this purpose, different hydroperoxides were used and each one produced a tipical and highly reliable temporal evolution of UWC. It was also found that the oxygen availability strongly influences the intensity and the kinetic of the UWC emission. UWC was proved to be a very interesting and promising tool for monitoring the peroxidative damage of biological membranes, both because it makes a continuous assessment possible and because the sensitivity of this method is approximately ten times greater than usual analytical chemistry methods.

Notes: The KALDOR model of economic growth and distribution has been subjected to two different strands of criticism: in 1962, PASINETTI claimed that KALDOR had slipped over the simple truism that people who save accumulate capital; subsequently, MANESCHI, GUPTA, and MÜCKL pointed out that, allowing the workers to own capital, and assuming that both workers and capitalists coexist, the KALDOR model would only be satisfied by assuming a ‘classical’ saving function. The purpose of this paper is to show that, by dropping the unnecessary assumption that the rate of interest received by the workers on their loans to the capitalists is equal to the rate of profit which the capitalists get from their investments, both criticisms are unfounded, and the KALDOR model is perfectly consistent. In a neo-Kcynesian model, there is no need to assume that in the long-run the rate of profit equals the rate of interest, as would obviously be the case in a neoclassical model. The paper also shows that the assumption made by most authors, and by KALDOR himself, that the capital-output ratio be constant is unnecessary; it is argued that any technological relationship between the capital-output ratio and the rate of profit is consistent with the KALDOR model. Finally, the paper shows that in KALDOR'S model there is no ‘dual’ of the kind found in PASINETTI-like models by MEADE, SAMUELSON and MODIGLIANI.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSUNGKALDORS Wachstums- und Verteilungsmodell war von zwei Seiten der Kritik ausgesetzt: PASINETTI behauptete 1962, KALDOR sei über den einfachen Gemein-platz gcstolpert, dass Leute die sparen auch Kapital akkumulieren; spater zeigten MANESCHI, GUPTA und MÜCKL, indem sie den Arbeitern die Möglichkeit des Kapitalbesitzes einräumten und Arbeiter sowie Unternehmer als gleichzeitig vorhanden annahmen, dass das KALDOR-Modell nur unter Annahme einer “klassischen” Sparfunktion haltbar ist. Der Zweck dieses Aufsatzes ist aufzuzeigen, dass beide Kritiken ungerechtfertigt sind, wenn die unnötige Annahme fallengelassen wild, dass der Zinssatz, den die Arbeiter für ihre Darlehen erhalten, gleich der Profitratc der Unternehmer ist, die diese aus ihren Invcstitionen erhalten. In diesem Falle ist das KALDOR-Modell durchaus konsistent. In einem neo-keynesianischen Modell besteht keine Notwendigkeit anzunchmen, dass die Profitrate dem Zinssatz entspricht, anch nicht auf lange Frist, wie dies in einem neoklassischen Modell offensichtlich der Fall wäre. Die Arbeit zeigt auch die Überflüssigkeit der Annahme (die von den mcisten Autorcn, inklusivc KALDOR selbst, getroffen wurde), dass die “capital-out put ration konstant zu sein hat. Es wild argumentiert, dass jede tcchnologische Beziehung zwischen der “capital-output ration und der Profitrate mit dem KALDOR-Modell vereinbar ist. Der Beitrag legt schliesslich dar, dass das KALDOR-Modell kein “Dual” der Art der PASINETTI-ähnlichcn Modelle von MEADE, SAMUELSON und MODIGLIANI aufweist.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉLe modèle de KALDOR sur la croissance et la distribution économique a étć l'‘object de critiques émanant de deux sources principales: en 1962, PASINETTI déclara que le simple fait que les gens qui souscrivent à l'éparque se constituent par la un capital avait échappéà KALDOR; par la suite MANESCHI, GUPTA, et MÜCKL firent ressortir que měme si Ton procurait aux travailleurs la possibilityé de posséder un capital et en supposant que travailleurs et capitalistes continuent à coexistir, le modèle de KALDOR ne serait exact que dans le contexte d’ une fonction d’éparque dite “classique”. Le but de cet article est de montrer que ces deux écoles de critiques sont sans fondement et que le modèle de KALDOR est parfaitement logique si on écarte l'hypothèse, pas nécessaire, que le taux d’ intérět perçu par les travailleurs sur leurs prěts aux capitalistes est le měme que le taux de profit que les capitalistes obtiennent de leurs investissements. Dans un modèle néo-keynésien, il n'est pas besoin d’ assumer qu‘à long terme le taux de profit soit égal au taux d'intérět comme eut évidemment été le cas dans un modèle néo-classique. Cet article démontre aussi que le concept d’ invariabilityé du rapport capital-production cher à la plupart des auteurs, dont KALDOR, n'est pas nécessaire; car il est soutenu que toute relation technologique entre le rapport capital-production et le taux de profit est compatible avec le modèle de KALDOR. Enfin cet article veut prouver que dans le modèle de KALDOR il n'y a pas de “dualité” semblable à celle que l’ on trouve dans les modèles du genre PASINETTI, de MEADE, SAMUELSON et MODIGLIANI.

Notes: The main aim of the paper is to give a constructive proof to an existence theorem concerning the generalized von Neumann model à la Morishima in a particular case which arises by dropping and replacing a strong continuity assumption of Morishima, whose existence theorem does not work (as the appendix example shows) when all of Morishima's other assumptions but that continuity assumption hold.In particular, the paper proves that the generalized von Neumann model à la Morishima has a solution when all people consume the same commodities in the same proportions, with a substitution effect equal to zero, even if some commodities are never consumed and not all processes require labour. Moreover, it shows a way to construct a solution by solving a Linear Complementarity Problem with Lemke's complementarity pivot algorithm.