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  • 1980-1984  (5)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of host plant selection and temperature on the structure of root nodules of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 61 (1981), S. 113-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Host selection ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodule structure ; Rhizobium trifolii ; TemperatureTrifolium pratense
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary 1. Nodule structure was examined in the red clover cultivar S123 and in lines (designated H2) separately bred for high yield withRhizobium trifolii strains RCR 0403 and RCR 5. Plants were grown at 16/11, 22/17 and 27/22°C in a 16 h day at 25,000 lux. 2. The larger yields of bred lines compared with S123 were directly correlated with larger aggregate nodule size, larger infected zones and with more bacteroid tissue. Over all treatments the correlation of plant dry weight with aggregate areas of bacteroid tissue, assessed in median longitudinal section, accounted for 79% of the variance. 3. Yields were unrelated to the proportion of uninfected cells and vacuoles within the bacteroid zone. 4. Effects of host type and strain on nodule structure and yield were greatest at the moderate temperature and least and most irregular at high temperature. 5. Bacteriod tissue degenerated more rapidly in S123 than in the bred lines, more rapidly with RCR 0403 than RCR 5 and more rapidly at the high temperature than at moderate or low temperatures. 6. Aggregate nodule size irrespective of treatment was correlated with the aggregate sizes of nodule meristem and differentiating tissues. Nodule comtex comprised a larger proportion of the nodule section at 17 days than subsequently. Other than as specified above, the size relationships of the different tissues of the nodule were unaffected by host selection, temperature, bacterial strain or plant age. 7. At 22/17°C over a 17–25 day period the increment in dry matter per mm2 active nodule tissue was similar for H2 and S123 plants and was less for RCR 0403 (3.33 mg) than for RCR 5 (6.87 mg). At 27/22°C the effeciency of bacteroid tissue was much less,viz. 0.67 and 1.23 mg per mm2 respectively. 8. Nodule tissue areas and volumes were closely related so that unit volumes of active bacteriod tissue in general promoted similar dry matter increment in S123 and bred lines,viz. about 50.5 mg mm−3 at 22/17° for RCR 0403 and 80.8 mg mm−3 for RCR 5. The latter was associated with a fixation rate of 0.157 mg N mm−3 active tissue day−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277368
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
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    Effect of host plant selection and temperature on the structure of root nodules of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) (1981)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-02-01
    Print ISSN: 0032-079X
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5036
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Springer
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  • 3
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    Reduction of yield of Vicia faba by foliar fertilization during the seed-filling period (1980)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1980-06-01
    Description: Vicia faba, in common with other grain legumes, rarely gives economic yield increases in response to soil application of nitrogenous fertilizer either before sowing or at flowering (McEwen, 1970a, b; Day, Roughley & Witty, 1979). The lack of response was attributed to poor uptake of the applied fertilizer particularly at flowering (Day et al. 1979). Garcia & Hanway (1976), however, increased the yield of soya beans from 3695 to 5225 kg/ha with foliar sprays containing N as urea, P, K and S applied during the seed-filling period. Day et al. (1979) using four foliar sprays of the same composition increased yield of V. faba by 361 kg/ha (8·6%) following the uptake of 15% of the 80 kg N/ha applied. However, Robertson, Hinson & Hammond (1977) reported no yield responses of soya beans with up to five foliar sprays of the same composition and noted that those containing ammonium polyphosphate and KNO3 caused leaf damage that significantly reduced yield.
    Print ISSN: 0021-8596
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-5146
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 4
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    The effects of irrigation, nitrogen fertilizer and the control of pests and pathogens on spring-sown field beans (Vicia faba L.) and residual effects on two following winter wheat crops (1981)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-02-01
    Description: SUMMARYExperiments started in 1976, 1977 and 1978 on Clay-with-Flints soil at Rothamsted tested the effects of combinations of eight two-level factors on spring-sown field beans. Factors tested, presence v. absence, were irrigation, nitrogen fertilizer, aldicarb, fonofos (dieldrin in 1976), benomyl to the seed bed, permethrin (fenitrothion in 1976), pirimicarb, benomyl foliar spray (not tested in 1976).The main pests and diseases present were nematodes of the genus Pratylenchus, the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, the pea and bean weevil Sitona lineatus, root blackening associated with the fungal genera Pythium and Fusarium, the foliar diseases chocolate spot, Botrytis spp., rust, Uromyces fabae and bean leaf roll virus.Incidence of these pests and diseases varied between years. Controlling those present increased yield by about 0·7 t grain/ha each year. The difficulty of apportioning this increase to particular pests and diseases is discussed.Irrigation increased total dry-matter production and grain yield in 1976 and 1978 but only total dry-matter production in 1977, when grain yield was lost because of lodging. Nitrogen fertilizer had little or no effect.The most favourable combinations of treatments gave yields of 3·4, 5·0 and 6·4 t grain/ha in the 3 years respectively. Small yields in 1976, despite irrigation, were attributed to premature senescence caused by exceptionally high temperatures. It is suggested that with good control of pests and diseases yields of at least 5 t/ha should be attainable on Clay-with-Flints soil without irrigation in years of average temperature and rainfall and yields in excess of 6 t/ha when the soil-moisture deficit is lessened by either above-average rainfall or irrigation.Treatments applied to the beans had little or no effect on two following crops of winter wheat.
    Print ISSN: 0021-8596
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-5146
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 5
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    Effect of plant spacing and soil application of aldicarb on nitrogen fixation by spring-sown field beans (Vicia faba L.) (1980)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1980-02-01
    Description: SummaryVicia faba cv. Minden was precision planted at densities of 12–100 plants/m2 in 1977 and 30–60 plants/m2 in 1978 with and without seed-bed applications of aldicarb (10 kg/ha).Nitrogenase activity per plant decreased significantly with increased plant density but this was compensated for on an area basis by increased numbers of plants. When expressed on the basis of area, nitrogenase activity was higher with closely, than with widely spaced plants both early and late in the season. Irrespective of planting density nitrogenase activity reached a peak during vegetative growth of the plant and a second peak during rapid pod and seed development. In 1977 the second peak was interrupted by very dry soil conditions but later activity increased following rain.Aldicarb consistently increased nitrogenase activity at all harvests after Sitona damage to the nodules was evident. Over this period plots treated with aldicarb had twice the nitrogenase activity of untreated plots in 1977 and 55% more in 1978.
    Print ISSN: 0021-8596
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-5146
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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