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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An automated ultrasonic telemetry system for the assessment of locomotor activity in free-ranging rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, Richardson (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 25 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A new automated ultrasonic telemetry system for monitoring the swimming activity of adult rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, at liberty in the wild is described. The transmitter detects bioelectric potentials (i.e. electromyograms) associated with the contraction of the epaxial myomeres during swimming. Transmitter output is relayed to the signal processing system via submerged hydrophones. The incoming signals represent averaged electromyograms which have been shown in earlier studies to correlate well with swimming activity and concurrent oxygen consumption of rainbow trout in the laboratory.Electromyogram records obtained from rainbow trout released into a small lake and monitored for up to 4 weeks, indicate a fairly regular pattern of elevated midday activity contrasting with periods of relative quiescence during the evening and morning. This midday peak in locomotory activity is the result of an increased feeding activity which is evidently a response to a concomitant increase in the activity of the fish's prey.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1984.tb04916.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The relationship between mosaic muscle fibres and size in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 17 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The dynamics of increase of the mosaic muscle in hatchery reared rainbow trout (2·3 to 61·3 cm fork length) are investigated. In trout 〈5 cm, all fibres are 〈40 μm in diameter; from 5 to 20 cm the diameter mode remains in the 0–39·9 μm class and there is some extension in range of diameter, thereby suggesting that mosaic muscle increase up to 20 cm is mainly by recruitment of new (small) fibres. When trout exceed 20 cm, mode of fibre diameter shifts to the 40–79·9 um class and fibres of larger diameter (〉 100 μrn) appear but the subsequent overall fibre diameter frequency distribution changes little until 50 cm. Increase in muscle during the phase 20–50 cm seems partly attributable to increase in fibre diameter, but remains largely the result of recruitment of small fibres, although the mechanism of the latter process appears less clear than in fish of 〈20 cm. The recruitment of new fibres stops at 55 cm and further increase in mosaic muscle evidently depends upon the ability of existing fibres to increase in diameter. Possible means by which increasing muscle fibre diameter may limit the ultimate size which trout may achieve are discussed. A phenomenon of apparent reduction in fibre diameter in winter among fish 20–39·9 cm long is noted and its significance is considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1980.tb02792.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of opercular muscle electromyograms as an indicator of the metabolic costs of fish activity in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, as determined by radiotelemetry (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 23 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Averages of electromyogram (EMG) signals emanating from the levator arcus palatini, a small muscle involved in the operation of the operculum in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, were analysed in terms of their relationship to the fish's oxygen consumption rates under various activity levels. The EMG signals were detected and transmitted with a radio-telemetry system. The EMG values showed a good correlation with corresponding oxygen consumption rates for fish under forced-swimming conditions but not when the fish was swimming spontaneously; this is attributed to an ability to regulate oxygen uptake at the gill surfaces by other means than increasing the ventilation volume, including alterations in the gill blood flow dynamics (e.g. secondary lamellar recruitment), and changes in the cardiac output. Under forced-swim conditions, where the oxygen demands by the respiring muscles were higher, increased ventilation volume, as indicated by increased opercular muscle activity, was directly related to swimming speed and oxygen uptake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1983.tb02933.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxygen consumption of active rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, derived from electromyograms obtained by radiotelemetry (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 20 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A radiotelemetry apparatus is described for sensing and transmitting electromyograms (EMGs) from free-swimming fish. EMGs are recorded from the epaxial muscles of adult rainbow trout during periods in spontaneous (= routine) activity, and forced-swim, respirometers. When such EMG records are integrated, subjected to spectral analysis, and computer-averaged, the EMG values (in μV) are highly correlated with the fish oxygen consumption during the activity periods. However, there is a marked difference between the regression slopes for oxygen v. EMG value for the data from the spontaneous, and forced-swim, respirometers; the former slope is the steeper. The probable explanation of this phenomenon is that whereas in forced swims the epaxial myomeres are responsible for most of the activity of the fish, in spontaneous activity other muscle systems (e.g. of the lateral, dorsal and ventral fins) come to account for a greater relative proportion of body movement. The difference in slope, although great, is evidently a regular phenomenon. The shift from one regression to the other occurs at a fairly precise epaxial EMG value (c. 5 μV). This suggests that the laboratory calibration of EMG value in terms of oxygen consumption can be utilized in the wild so that EMG records from free-swimming fish, fitted with telemetry packages can be used to deduce oxygen consumption attributable to activity. It also appears that such records can be used as a guide to the type of activity of the fish, i.e. desultory movements or free cruising.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1982.tb03941.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Potential exposure of commercial seed-treating applicators to the pesticides carboxin-thiram and lindane (1983)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 31 (1983), S. 244-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01607901
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stimulation of sugar loading into sieve elements of willow by potassium and sodium salts (1982)
    Springer
    Planta 154 (1982), S. 94-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Phloem loading ; Potassium ; Salix ; Sodium ; Sugar loading
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Potassium as the chloride, nitrate or sulphate or sodium as the chloride, were applied at a concentration of 50 mM either to the xylem of stem segments or to the cambial surface of bark strips of willow. Potassium chloride increased the concentration of sucrose in sieve tube exudate collected via severed aphid stylets, without significantly affecting the volume flow rate, or the concentration of potassium in the exudate. The increase in the sucrose level in the sieve tube sap was shown to be due to a stimulation of loading, rather than to an enhancement of longitudinal transport. Potassium nitrate and sulphate or sodium chloride, were not as effective as potassium chloride in stimulating the loading of sucrose. It is suggested that uptake of the cation into cells supplying sugars to the sieve tube is linked to the rate of release of sugars by the supplying cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00385503
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In defense of anti-matter (1980)
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 71 (1980), S. 257-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract There appears to be a prejudice in the astronomical world against an obvious high-energy source—the mutual annihilation of matter and anti-matter. In favor of this prejudice is the lack of any convincing evidence of the presence of naturally occurring anti-matter. Only recently have cosmic-ray antiprotons been detected (cf. Goldenet al., 1979), and then in numbers consistent with secondary production in flight, while annihilation X-rays have also been detected, but again in circumstances where they might well be attributed to secondary effects of some other high-energy process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00646925
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Collective effects in diffuse matter-antimatter plasma: I (1982)
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 82 (1982), S. 409-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A separation mechanism is proposed which is effective in collisions between ionized but unmagnetized clouds of matter and anti-matter. This involves an electromagnetic instability which grows at the encounter layer, producing magnetic fields strong enough to separate the clouds after a very small interpenetration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00651447
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Collective effects in diffuse matter-antimatter plasma: II (1982)
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 82 (1982), S. 415-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that even very slightly ionized clouds of matter and anti-matter can interpenetrate only a little on collision. Initial interpenetration produces fast electrons and positrons from annihilation. These, in turn, produce strong magneto-hydrodynamic shocks which give the small ionized component enough energy to ionize the neutral fraction and produce a Leidenfrost layer in about ten years after which interpenetration stops.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00651448
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stokes II — A new polarimeter for solar observations (1981)
    Springer
    Solar physics 70 (1981), S. 395-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A Stokes polarimeter has been built at the High Altitude Observatory to obtain line profiles in both linear and circular polarization in solar spectral lines. These measurements are interpreted using the theory of radiative transfer in the presence of a magnetic field to obtain vector magnetic fields on the solar disk and using the theory of resonance scattering and the Hanle effect to obtain vector magnetic fields in prominences. The polarimeter operates on the Sacramento Peak Observatory 40 cm coronagraph. It is an extensively modified and improved version of an earlier instrument. Polarization modulation is achieved by two KD*P Pockels cells at the coronagraph prime focus and demodulation is by a microprocessor. The instrument control and data handling is done by a minicomputer. Silicon photodiode 128 element line array detectors have replaced the two photomultipliers used on the earlier instrument. This gives a speed increase of a factor of 50. A polarization scrambler provides a chop to a reference beam of unpolarized light by time scrambling the polarization of the solar beam. This device improves sensitivity to polarizations less than 0.01%. The polarization measurements are photon noise limited in most cases. This noise is 0.1% for a typical three second observation which is about one gauss on the longitudinal field and 10 gauss on the transverse field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00151343
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