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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil Anaerobiosis, Microorganisms, and Root Function (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 18 (1980), S. 37-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.18.090180.000345
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of applying etnylene to the root system of Zea mays on growth and nutrient concentration in relation to flooding tolerance (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 52 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Previous studies have shown increases in the concentration of ethylene in the soil and roots of plants when the soil is water saturated (flooded). In Zea mays L. this occurs in association with an overall reduction in growth but without extensive foliar senescence and in conjunction with the development of an adventitious root system. We have assessed the possibility that ethylene may be involved in these responses to flooding. Mixtures of the gas in air were therefore supplied to the roots and stem-base of Z. mays growing in nutrient solution.Seven or 14 d exposure to ethylene (1 or 5 νl 1−1) inhibited seminal root elongation and growth in dry weight and accelerated the emergence of adventitious roots, although their final length and dry weight were depressed. Leaf extension was inhibited by 0.1,1.0 or 5.0 μl 1−1 ethylene around the roots; leaves extending rapidiy at the start of treatment were the most sensitive. Final shoot fresh and dry weights were depressed by the gas but tie shootrroot dry weighl ratio and percentage dry matter were not affected greatly. Leaf chlorosis was not observed but the concentration of phosphorus in the shoots was 26 to 31% below normal.When aeration of the nutrient solution was stopped, the concentration of dissolved oxygen declined and the concentration of ethylene in the roots increased. Similar changes occur in response to soil flooding. Root and shoot growth was slowed by non-aeration although the shootroot dry weight ratio remained unchanged. The phosphorus concentration of the shoots was depressed but there was little chlorosis or leaf death. The similarity in these respects between the effects of ethylene and non-aeration suggests that in flooded Z. mays, ethylene contributes to their development by accelerating the emergence of adventitioos roots, inhibiting phosphorus accumulation in the shoots and by a non-toxic inhibition of plant growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1981.tb06028.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uptake and long-distance transport of phosphate, potassium and chloride in relation to internal ion concentrations in barley: evidence of non-allosteric regulation (1984)
    Springer
    Planta 160 (1984), S. 500-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Chloride uptake (root) ; Hordeum (ion uptake) ; Ion uptake ; Nutrient deficiency ; Phosphate uptake (root) ; Potassium uptake (root)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The extent to which uptake and transport of either phosphate, potassium or chloride are controlled by the concentration of these ions within the root, perhaps through an allosteric mechanism, was investigated with young barley plants in nutrient solution culture. Plants were grown with their roots divided between two containers, such that a single seminal root was continuously supplied with all the required nutrient ions, while the remaining four or five seminal roots were either supplied with the same solution (controls) or, temporarily, a solution lacking a particular nutrient ion (nutrient-deficient treatment). Compared with controls, there was a marked stimulation of uptake and transport of labelled ions by the single root following 24 h or more of nutrient dificiency to the remainder of the root system. This stimulation, which comprised an increased transport to the shoot and, for all ions except Cl-, increased transport to the remainder of the root system, took place without appreciable change in the concentration of particular ions within the single root. However, nutrient deficiency quickly caused a lower concentration of ions in the shoot and the remaining roots. The results are discussed in relation to various mechanisms, proposed in the literature, by which the coordination of ion uptake and transport may be maintained within the plant. We suggest that under our conditions any putative allosteric control of uptake and transport by root cortical cells was masked by an alternative mechanism, in which ion influx appears to be regulated by ion efflux to the xylem, perhaps controlled by the concentration of particular ions recycled in the phloem to the root from the shoot.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00411137
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron microscopy of gas space (aerenchyma) formation in adventitious roots of Zea mays L. subjected to oxygen shortage (1983)
    Springer
    Planta 157 (1983), S. 350-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Aerenchyma ; Gas space (roots) ; Oxygen shortage (roots) ; Zea (aerenchyma)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the ultrastructure of cortical cells in maize root tips during the early stages in lysigenous aerenchyma formation, promoted by oxygen-deficient nutrient solution. The aim was to determine whether changes in fine structure were compatible with oxygen starvation as the primary cause of cell degeneration and death. There was an initial collapse of some cortical cells, indicating loss of turgor, and the cytoplasm became more electron dense. Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum appeared normal at this early stage though the tonoplast lost its integrity. Subsequently the cytoplasm became less electron dense than surrounding healthy cells, and underwent further degeneration while the plasmalemma retracted from the cell wall. Cell walls remained unaltered until this stage, but some then became thin and electron transparent. No cells of the stele were found to degenerate. These observations, which do not readily accord with the hypothesis that oxygen starvation was the cause of cell death, are compared with detailed studies of cell degeration in other cell types. An alternative mechanism for the stimulation of cortical cell lysis in poorly oxygenated roots involving the hormone ethylene, is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00397407
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in the kinetics of phosphate and potassium absorption in nutrient-deficient barley roots measured by a solution-depletion technique (1984)
    Springer
    Planta 160 (1984), S. 490-499 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Hordeum (ion uptake) ; Ion uptake ; Nutrient deficiency ; Phosphate uptake (root) ; Potassium uptake (root)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract From measurements of the rates of depletion of labelled ions from solution in the low concentration range, we described the phosphate and potassium uptake characteristics of the roots of intact barley plants in terms of the kinetic parameters, K m and I max (the maximum rate of uptake). In relatively young (13 d) and older (42 d) plants, cessation of phosphate supply for 4 d or more caused a marked increase in I max (up to four times), without concomitant change in K m, which remained between 5 and 7 μM. By contrast, 1 d of potassium starvation with 14-d plants caused a decline in the K m (i.e. an increased apparent affinity for potassium) from 53 μM to 11 μM, without alteration to I max. After longer periods of potassium starvation, I max increased (about two times) while the K m remained at the same low value. Growth of shoots and roots were unaffected by these treatments, so that concentrations of ions in the tissues declined after 1 d or more of nutrient starvation, but we could not identify a characteristic endogenous concentration for either nutrient at which changes in kinetic parameters were invariably induced. The possible mechanisms regulating carriermediated transport, and the importance of changes induced in kinetic parameters in ion uptake from solution and soil are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00411136
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The development of waterlogging damage in wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.) (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 54 (1980), S. 77-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Nutrients ; Oxygen ; Roots ; Soil ; Toxins ; Waterlogging ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of waterlogging on concentrations of gases and various solutes dissolved in the soil water were investigated in the laboratory, to determine whether the early disruption to the growth of wheat was most closely associated with depletion of dissolved oxygen, accumulation of toxins, or changes in concentrations of nutrient ions in the soil water. Waterlogging slowed shoot fresh weight accumulation, leaf extension and nodal root growth; it also caused death of the seminal root system and early senescence of the lower leaves. However, the shoot dry weight initially increased above that of the non-waterlogged controls, and thus was not a reliable indicator of the early restriction to plant growth and development. The symptoms of damage to shoots and roots were attributed to the fall in soil oxygen concentrations, rather than to any decrease in concentration of inorganic nutrients in the soil water, or to the accumulation of any other measured solutes to toxic concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182001
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of waterlogging on young wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) and on soil solutes at different soil temperatures (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 311-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aeration ; Calcium ; Carbon dioxide ; Ethylene ; Nitrate ; Nitrite ; Nitrous oxide ; Oxygen ; Potassium ; Roots ; Triticum aestivum ; Waterlogging ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary We report a study of the mechanism by which the response of plants to waterlogging can be modified by soil temperature. Wheat was grown initially in well-aerated soil in a controlled environment room before the soil was flooded with aerated, deionized water. The soil temperature was maintained constant in the range 6–18°C while the air temperature was at 14°C. Waterlogging damage was greater in plants at the higher soil temperatures when the plants were compared at the same chronological age. However, when compared at the same growth stage, the response to soil temperature was little differenti.e. plants subjected to waterlogging for a long time at low soil temperatures exhibited a similar reduction in growth and other properties as those subjected briefly at higher temperatures. The concentration of dissolved oxygen in the soil solution declined rapidly at all temperatures, being almost zero after 36 h waterlogging. Temperature affected rates of change of the concentrations of dissolved carbon dioxide, ethylene, nitrous oxide, nitrite, nitrate, calcium and potassium. The importance of soil-and plant-determined properties in the waterlogging response of plants at different temperatures are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372453
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of a rapid method, using soil cores, for estimating the amount and distribution of crop roots in the field (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 55 (1980), S. 297-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Barley ; Cereals ; Root distribution ; Root growth ; Soil ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A study was made of the relationship between the number of roots (Nr) observed on unit area of the freshly exposed, horizontal faces of soil cores, and the amounts of roots (per unit volume) present in the same cores. Soil cores, 7 cm diameter, were extracted to depths of 1 m from cereal crops in 1976 at three field sites located on clay soils. Sampling was either at the start of stem elongation, or at anthesis. Estimates of root length per unit soil volume (L) were derived from Nr by assuming random orientation of roots in the soil. Values of L were found to be highly correlated with the measured lengths of both the main roots (root axes) and the total roots (axes and laterals) washed from the soil at a given growth stage, for each of the soils. On average, L was 3.3 times the length of root axes washed from the soil, and was 0.42 times the length of total roots, but there was appreciable variation between different growth stages and field sites. Possible factors giving rise to differences between L and the measured lengths of roots are discussed. Estimates of root length from observation of soil cores may nonetheless provide a suitable basis for rapidly comparing therelative distribution of roots down the soil profile under field conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181809
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant injury and adaptation to oxygen deficiency in the root environment: A review (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 75 (1983), S. 179-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Anaerobic ; Diffusion ; Flooding ; Injury ; Metabolism ; Oxygen ; Roots ; Structure ; Temperature ; Waterlogging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375564
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The development of waterlogging damage in wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.) (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 56 (1980), S. 187-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aeration ; Anaerobic ; Flooding ; Inorganic nutrients ; Mineral nutrition ; Nutrient accumulation ; Triticum aestivum ; Urea ; Waterlogging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Decreases in the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium, in the shoots of wheat seedlings soon after the start of waterlogging were mainly attributed to an inhibition of ion uptake and transport by roots in the oxygen deficient soil. There was a small net accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by the aerial tissues, principally the tillers rather than the main shoot. By contrast, calcium and magnesium accumulated in both tillers and main shoot. With waterlogging, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were translocated from the older leaves to the younger growing leaves, and in the case of nitrogen this was associated with the onset of premature senescence. Calcium and magnesium were not translocated from the older leaves, the younger leaves acquiring these cations from the waterlogged soil. The promotion of leaf senescence by waterlogging was counteracted by applications of nitrate or ammonium to the soil surface, or by spraying the shoots with solutions of urea, but the beneficial effects on shoot growth were small. The role of mineral nutrition in relation to waterlogging damage to young cereal plants is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205847
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