Call number:
AWI G2-19-92382
Type of Medium:
Monograph available for loan
Pages:
690 Seiten
,
Illustrationen, Karten
Language:
English
Note:
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 INTERNAL CYCLING AND THROUGHPUT : Pathways from River Mouth to Sea Floor
Depth Profiles of Sea Salt Composition
Constituent Classification
The Chemical Composition of Marine Organic Matter
Composition of Particulate Matter Caught in Sediment Traps
A Simple Model for Biologically Utilized CDnstituents
The Distributions of Biointermediate Constituents
Estimation of Input Rates
Horizontal Segregation of CDnstituents in the Deep Sea
Summary
CHAPTER 2 THE SEDIMENTARY SINK
Factors Influencing the Distribution of Sedimentary Constituents
Introduction
Sediment Types
Distribution of Opal Production
Opal Solution on the Sea Floor
Distribution of Calcite in Marine Sediments
Degree of Calcite Saturation
Variation in the Carbonate Ion Content of Sea Water
Spacial Variations in the CaC0 3 Saturation of Sea Water
Factors Controlling the Rate of Calcite Solution
Thickness and Shape of the Sublysocline Transition Zone
Variation of Sediment Type with Time
Manganese Nodules
Summary
CHAPTER 3 THE ATMOSPHERIC IMPRINT : The Cycles of Gases within the Sea
Introduction
Solubilities of Gases in Sea Water
The Rate of Gas Exchange
Stagnant Film Thickness Derived from Natural Radiocarbon
Stagnant Film Thicknesses Determined by the Radon Method
Oxygen Concentrations in Surface Ocean Water
Oxygen Deficiencies in the Deep Sea
The Marine N2O Cycle
Excess Helium
The Carbon Dioxide Content of Surface Ocean Water
Origin of the Equatorial Pacific CO2 Anomaly
Summary
CHAPTER 4 REACTIVE METALS AND THE GREAT PARTICULATE SWEEP : The Cycle of Metals in the Sea
Introduction
Products of Uranium and Thorium Decay
Thorium Isotopes in the Sea
Protactinium-231 to Thorium-230 Activity Ratios
The Distribution of Lead-210
The Distribution of Polonium-210
The Distribution of Radium-226
Anthropogenic Plutonium in the Sea
Toward a Model of Metal Transport
Distributions of Stable Metals in the Sea
Stable Isotope Ratios in Reactive Metals
Transport of Iron and Manganese in the Sea
Lessons from Controlled Ecosystem Studies
Distribution Coefficients
Summary
CHAPTER 5 HOW FAST DOES THE MILL GRIND? : Rates of Vertical Mixing and Sediment Accumulation
Introduction
Rate of Vertical Mixing
Implication to the Distribution of Radium-226
Distribution of Radiocarbon in the Ocean
Rate of Continental Runoff
Sediment Accumulation Rates
Radiocarbon Dating
Uranium Series Dating
Beryllium Dating
Potassium-Argon Dating
Agreement Among Dating Methods
Comparison of Model and Observed Rates of CaC0 3 Solution
Summary
CHAPTER 6 WHAT KEEPS THE SYSTEM IN WHACK? : Control Mechanisms Operating in the Sea
Introduction
Phosphate Controls
Silicate Controls
Carbon Controls
Interactions between the Phosphate and Carbon Controls
Nitrate Controls
Dissolved Oxygen Controls
Major Anion Controls
Major Cation Controls
Possible Causes for Perturbations
Recorders of Paleoocean Chemistry
The Marine Geochemistry of Carbon-13
The Uranium Content of Coral
Factors Influencing Nutrient Gradients in the Deep Sea
Summary
CBAPTER 7 FREIGHT TRAINS AND FICKIAN CONFUSION : The Movement of Water Through the Deep Sea
Introduction
Types of Motion
One Dimensional Advection - Diffusion Model
Tracers for Diapycnal and Isopycnal Mixing
Mixing Rates Based on Radon-222 and Radium-228
The Distribution of Helium-3 in the Deep Pacific
Sources of Deep Water
Northern Component Water
Conservative Properties of NCW
Initial Radiocarbon to Carbon Ratio in NCW
Feed for NCW Production
Southern Component Water
Ventilation of the Deep Atlantic Ocean
Ventilation of the Deep Pacific and Indian Oceans
The Grand Cycle of Radiocarbon in the Deep Ocean
Biological Short-Circuiting
Temporal Variations in Radiocarbon Production
Argon-39
Summary
CHAPTER 8 THE ANTHROPOGENIC INVASION : The Movement of Water Through the Oceanic Thermocline
Introduction
Input Functions
Hydrology of the Main Thermocline
Tritium Distribution within the Thermocline
Temporal Trends in Tritium
Tritium as a Guide to Deep Water Formation
Supplementary Information from Strontium-90
Bomb Carbon-14 Distribution within the Thermocline
Explanations for Low Equatorial Bomb Carbon-14 Inventories
Implications of Equatorial Upwelling to the Tritium Budget
An Upwelling Rate Based on the Equatorial CO2 Anomaly
Helium-3 Distribution in the Main Oceanic Thermocline
Purposeful Tracers
Summary
CHAPTER 9 ICE SHEETS AND OCEAN PHOSPHATE : Glacial to Interglacial Changes in Ocean Chemistry
Introduction
Temperature and Salinity Changes
Formation and Destruction of Organic Materials
Changes in CaCO3 Storage
Evidence for an Early Post-Glacial Lysocline Change
Changes in Phosphate Concentration
The Combined Evidence from Deep Sea Cores
Cause of the Oceanic Phosphate Change
An Alternate Scenario
Wrap Up of the CO2 Record
The Oxygen Record
Glacial to Interglacial Changes in Ocean Mixing Rate
Glacial to Interglacial Lysocline Changes
Changes in the Distribution of Nutrients in the Deep Sea
Summary
CHAPTER 10 CAN MAN OVERRIDE THE CONTROLS? : The Buildup of Fossil Fuel CO2 in the Atmosphere and Oceans
Introduction
CO2 Production in the Past
CO2 Production in the Future
Capacity of the Sea for Fossil Fuel CO2 Uptake
Utilizable Capacity - Simplified Calculation
Utilizable Capacity - Rigorous Calculation
Kinetics of Fossil Fuel CO2 Uptake by the Sea
Numerical Model
crosschecks on the Validity of the Numerical Model
Prediction of Future CO2 Levels
Solution of Sea Floor Calcite
Summary
REFERENCES, CONSTANTS, DEFINITIONS, ABBREVIATIONS AND INDEX
Introduction to the References
Subject Outline for the References
Annotated Reference List
Frequently Used Constants
Definitions of Isotope Notations
Abbreviations
Index
Foldout Caption
Location:
AWI Reading room
Branch Library:
AWI Library
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