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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 92 (1980), S. 121-132 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Reaktion von Carbonsäurechloriden mit Polyvinylalkohol wurde untersucht. Die Struktur der modifizierten Polymeren wurde durch IR-, UV-, NMR-Spektroskopie und chemische Analysen bestimmt. Durch die Reaktion des Polyvinylalkohols mit n-Buttersäurechloride entstehen Vinylalkohol-Vinylbutyrat-Copolymere. Wenn der Umsatz dieser Reaktion kleiner als 50% ist, findet man eine Kinetik zweiter Ordnung mit einer Aktivierungsenergie von 9.9 kcal/mol. Wenn Pyridin als Katalysator verwendet wird, nimmt die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit bemerkenswert zu, unabhängig von dem verwendeten Säurechlorid. Wenn man Triäthylamin als Katalysator verwendet, dann erscheinen aufgepfropfte β-Ketoester-Gruppen in den Polymerketten. Wegen der sterischen Hinderung dieser Nebengruppen wird der Umsatz nicht höher als 30%. Je größber der Gehalt an Estergruppen ist, um so weniger hydrophil ist das Polymere, wie durch Quellungsmessungen der Vinylalkohol-Vinylbutyrat-Copolymeren in Wasser festgestellt wurde.
    Notes: This work deals with some features of the reaction of organic acid chlorides with poly(vinyl alcohol). The structure of the modified polymers was determined by means of IR, UV and NMR spectroscopy as well as by chemical analysis. Vinyl alcohol-vinyl butyrate copolymers were obtained by reaction of poly(vinyl alcohol) with n-butyryl chloride without any catalyst. The reaction appeared to satisfy a second order kinetics for conversions no higher than 50%. The activation energy found was of 9.9 kcal/mol. The use of pyridine as a catalyst involved a noticeable increase of the reaction rate, but this effect was found to be independent of the acid chloride used. When triethylamine was used as a catalyst, β-keto ester groups were found to be grafted onto the polymer chain. The steric hindrance of these groups were thought to be sufficiently important for the conversion to reach a limit of about 30%. The observed swelling in water of vinyl alcohol-vinyl butyrate copolymers made it reasonable to conclude that the hydrophilic character of the copolymers decreased progressively when the ester group content increased.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 112 (1983), S. 205-215 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Umsetzung von n-Alkyl-chlorformiat mit Polyvinylalkohol, katalysiert durch Pyridin, wurde untersucht. Die Struktur der modifizierten Polymeren wurde durch IR-, 1H- und 13C-NMR-Spektroskopie und chemische Analysen bestimmt. Es entstehen Vinylalkohol-Vinyl-n-alkylcarbonat-Copolymere. Die Anwesenheit von cyclischen Carbonaten wurde nicht beobachtet. Es wurde eine lineare Abhängigkeit der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit von den Konzentrationen an Polymerem, n-Alkyl-chloroformiat und Pyridin gefunden. Die Aktivierungsenergie ergab sich zu 15.4 kcal/mol. Das im Copolymeren absorbierte Wasser läßt den Schluß zu, daß der hydrophile Charakter des Copolymeren allmählich abnimmt, wenn der Gehalt an Seitenkettensubstanz steigt. Im Wasser unlösliche Vinyl-alkohol-Vinyl-n-alkylcarbonat-Copolymere wurden in alkalischem Medium hydrolysiert; nach einem bestimmten Hydrolysegrad gewinnen die Polymeren die Wasserlöslichkeit zurück.
    Notes: This work deals with the modification reaction of poly(vinyl alcohol) with n-alkyl chloroformates using pyridine as catalyst. The structure of the modified polymers was determined by means of IR, 1H and 13C-NMR spectroscopy as well as by chemical analysis. Vinyl alcohol-vinyl n-alkyl carbonate copolymers were obtained. The presence of cyclic carbonates has not been observed. It has been found a linear dependence of reaction rate on polymer, n-alkyl chloroformates, and pyridine concentrations, respectively. The activation energy found was of 15.4 kcal/mol. The water absorbed in the copolymers made it reasonable to conclude that the hydrophilic character of the copolymers decreased progressively when either the carbonate groups content or the side chain length increased. Water insoluble alcohol-vinyl n-alkyl carbonate copolymers were hydrolyzed in an alkaline medium. They were found to recover their solubility in water after a certain hydrolysis extent was reached.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Umsetzung von Dextran mit Buttersäureanhydrid, katalysiert durch Pyridin, wurde untersucht. Die Struktur der modifizierten Polymeren wurde durch IR-, 1H-NMR-Spektroskopie und chemische Analysen bestimmt. Es wurde eine lineare Abhängigkeit der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit vom Produkt der Konzentrationen von Pyridin und Buttersäureanhydrid gefunden. Die Aktivierungsenergie betrug 7, 0 kcal/mol. Ein teilmodifiziertes Dextran (D. S. 1,34) wurde unter verschiedenen Bedingungen in bezug auf pH und Temperatur hydrolysiert. Die experimentellen Werte wurden als eine Reaktion pseudo-erster Ordnung bezüglich der Konzentration des Butyrats behandelt, wobei Aktivierungsenergien von 12,5 und 12,0 kcal/mol für die sauer und basisch katalysierten Verseifungsreaktionen erhalten wurden.
    Notes: A study has been made on the modification reaction of dextran with butyric anhydride using pyridine as catalyst. The structures of the modified polymers were determined by means of IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy as well as by chemical analysis. It has been found a linear dependence of the reaction rate on the product of butyric anhydride and pyridine concentrations and a more complex dependence on the alcoholic groups concentration. The activation energy was found to be 7.0 kcal/mol. A partially modified dextran (D.S. 1.34) was hydrolyzed at several pH values and temperatures. The experimental data have been treated as a pseudo-first-order reaction with respect to the butyrate concentration. The activation energies obtained from the acid and base catalyzed hydrolysis reactions were 12.5 and 12.0 kcal/mol, respectively.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 126 (1984), S. 115-124 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurde die Kinetik der Verseifung von Vinylalkohol-Vinyl-n-alkylcarbonat Copolymeren in Abhängigkeit von der Säure- und Basen-Konzentration, der Temperatur und der Art der Carbonatgruppen untersucht. Die homogene basenkatalysierte Verseifung verläuft nach einer Reaktion erster Ordnung in bezug auf die Hydroxyl-und Carbonatgruppen-Konzentration, während die säurekatalysierte Verseifung in Bezug auf die Säure-Konzentration eine Reaktion erster Ordnung ist. Die heterogene basenkatalysierte Verseifung hängt von der Konzentration und der Art der Carbonatgruppen ab. Für die saure und basische homogene_Verseifung wurden Aktivierungsenergien von 13.8 und 10.0 kcal/mol erhalten. Für die heterogene basenkatalysierte Verseifung ist eine Aktivierungsenergie von 10.3 kcal/mol erhalten worden. α-Chymotrypsin zeigte sich als unwirksam bei den hier durchgeführten Verseifungsreaktionen.
    Notes: A kinetic study of the hydrolysis of vinyl alcohol-vinyl n-alkyl carbonate copolymers has been made as a function of the base or acid concentration, the temperature, and the structure of the carbonate units. The homogeneous hydrolysis in alkaline medium was found to be first order with respect to both the hydroxyl ion and the carbonate; the acid hydrolysis was of first order with respect to the acid concentration. The heterogeneous hydrolysis in alkaline medium followed a pseudo-first-order kinetics with respect to the base concentration; the hydrolysis rate was affected by the carbonate content and the structure of the carbonate units. The activation energies obtained for the acid and base catalyzed homogeneous hydrolysis and the base catalyzed heterogeneous hydrolysis were 13.8, 10.0, and 10.3 kcal/mol, respectively. α-Chymotrypsin was inactive in the hydrolysis experiments carried out with these copolymers.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 815-818 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Steric Control in the Reaction of Substituted 2-Norbornyl CationsThe reaction of camphenilone (1b) with trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (Tf2O) yields 7,7-dimethyl-1,exo-2-bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy)norbornane (4b) (60%). 6,6-Dimethyl-2-norbornanone (1c) affords under the same conditions 6,6-dimethyl-2-norbornen-2-yl triflate (5c) (70%). The reaction pathways of the intermediate 2-(trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy)-2-norbornyl cations are mostly controlled by steric factors, the inductive effect playing no significant role.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0173-2803
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Basel : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie, Rapid Communications 4 (1983), S. 297-301 
    ISSN: 0173-2803
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0173-2803
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 4467-4470 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dilute solution behavior of a cationic polyelectrolyte was studied with respect to acetic acid concentration using chitosan. The reduced viscosity, ηsp/C, of chitsan solutions increases with a decrease in the polymer concentration. For a given polyelectrolyte concentration, the specific viscosity is higher at lower acid (acetic) concentration, indicating the expansion of the polyelectrolyte chain due to electrostatic repulsion as a result of the interactions between chitosan and the solvent. The relationship between intrinsic viscosity [η]∞ and acetic acid concentration suggests no conformational transition of the chitosan molecules and possible formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds during the shrinking of the hydrodynamic domain of the polyions.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2405-2412 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This work describes a panel made from waste polyethylene, henequen fibers, and mineral fillers. The physical and mechanical properties of the product were determined and compared with the properties of commercial panels. The new material has good mechanical properties and high environmental resistance. Its thermal insulating capacity is about 10 times better than that of asbestos-cement panels. The adhesion grade between fibers and polymer was investigated.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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