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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Infeasible path optimization with sequential modular simulators (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 994-1002 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Infeasible path optimization algorithms have been effective with equation-solving or simultaneous modular process simulators. Using these simulators, successive quadratic programming is applied to large nonlinear programs. However, the algorithms are not directly applicable to commercial simulators of the sequential modular type.Here an infeasible path algorithm is presented which can easily be integrated with most commercial process simulators. The optimization problem remains small (10 or 20 variables) and the user merely replaces the convergence block with an “optimization” block.A simple process example demonstrates the operation, effectiveness, and potential of this algorithm.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690280615
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compatibility studies on polyacrylate and polymethacrylate systems (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 337-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The predicted general incompatibility of mixtures of polymers has been further confirmed. Thirty-one mixtures of homopolymer pairs showed phase separation in a common solvent. These included closely related polymers such as polyacrylates with both polymethacrylates and other polyacrylates and pairs of different polymethacrylates. Typical immiscible combinations are PMA/PEA and PEMA and PEMA/PMMA. It was also found that the presence of a common monomer constituent did not result in complete compatibility of either a homopolymer with a copolymer or a mixture of two copolymers. Apparently, none of the combinations tried were sufficiently similar to result in heats of interaction small enough to be counteracted by the small entropy change involved. Since another possibility for attaining miscibility is through polar interactions, the effects of ionic and hydrogen-bonding substituents upon polymer-polymer compatibility were considered, and selected experiments were done on a series of carboxyl-containing polymers and their sodium salts. It was concluded that hydrogen bridging occurs preferentially either intramolecularly or between polymer and solvent rather than between two different types of chains each having hydrogen-bonding ability. Thus, poly(acrylic acid) and poly(methacrylic acid) show two-phase separation in water. Although poly(sodium acrylate) and poly(sodium methacrylate) are completely miscible, mixtures of the partially neutralized acids, e.g., PAA and PNaMA mixtures, show separation. In contrast to predictions for less polar polymers, compatibility of mixtures of polymers containing high mole fractions of carboxylic acid monomers showed a pronounced dependence upon solvent. Thus, the two copolymers 45/53 EA-MAA and 47/53 MMA-MAA are incompatible in methanol or ethanol but form homogeneous solutions in DMF or DMS.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1961.070051514
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some thermal studies on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1541-1548 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of poly(ethylene terephthalate) has been carried out on samples of amorphous, cold-drawn, heat-crystallized, and acetone-crystallized polymer. From DTA it appears that for amorphous material a prolonged “secondary” crystallization process follows a primary process in the region of 140°C. For cold-drawn polymer, heat treatment does not reflect differences observed in previous x-ray diffraction studies. The TGA gives evidence that a high temperature endothermic peak observed in DTA may not be directly associated with depolymerization. With acetone-crystallized material a high degree of acetone retention is detected.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080404
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heterogeneous polymer systems. I. Torsional modulus studies (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 580-588 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Torsional modulus-temperature data have been obtained on heterogeneous polymer compositions prepared by several procedures. Both the state of aggregation of the component chain molecules and their degree of compatibility are significant variables. Modulus curves similar to those for crystalline polymers can be obtained from incompatible polymers having glass temperatures sufficiently far apart. Detailed interpretations are presented for modulus curves of both individual homopolymers and bicomponent heterogeneous polymer mixtures.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1961.070051713
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heterogeneous polymer systems. II. Characterization of graft copolymers of styrene on polyethyl acrylate (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 59-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The isolation of two graft copolymers of styrene on polyethyl acrylate from the ungrafted homopolymers by solvent extraction procedures is discussed. For the grafts and their corresponding mixtures ηsp/c versus c plots were determined, and no anomalies were observed. Qualitative data on the solubilities and phase properties of the grafts are given. Torsional modulus-temperature curves are shown for graft copolymer and the individual homopolymers.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1963.070070106
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dielectric relaxation spectroscopy of sheet molding compound (1983)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 4 (1983), S. 180-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Dielectric relaxation spectroscopic studies of sheet molding compound from 400 Hz to 100 kHz reveal the relaxation processes that exist in this material. The frequency dependence of SMC is presented and analyzed in terms of different relaxation process models. A transition map of SMC is presented.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750040308
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The extinction of hydrocarbon flames based on the heat-absorption processes which occur in them (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 148-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An empirical relation has been developed which correlates and predicts the fire-suppression effectiveness of a wide variety of gaseous, liquid and solid agents. The flame-extinguishment model is based on the premise that extinction is dominated by heat-absorption processes and that a flame is extinguished when sufficient heat has been removed by the extinguishant to reduce the temperature to a limit value. This limit value. This limit is the minimum temperature at which the effective rate of the combustion reactions is sufficient to maintain flamepropagation, and it depends in a predictable way on the properties of the suppressant and flame system. The heat-balance equation describing this is derived in two stages. In the first, a preliminary equation is obtained by considering only those substances which are thermally stable and act only as heat-capacity sinks. In the second, the equation is generalized by consideration of all endothermic reaction sinks, e.g. vaporization, dissociation and decomposition. The general equation correlates most of the extinction data found in the literature. The results suggest that for most substances the extinguishing capacity is related to heat-extraction data found in the literature. The results suggest that for most substances the extinguishing capacity is related to heat-extraction and that many of the effects previously attributed to chemical mechanisms may be thermodynamic in nature rather than kinetic.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080305
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some experiments on the disintegration of yeast by high intensity ultrasound (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 247-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of ambient pressure and ultrasonic power on the disintegration of yeast suspension have been investigated. The results obtained are, in the main, consistent with the theory that cell breakage is primarily a phenomenon dependent on producing gaseous cavitation in the medium. The importance of the experimental results and techniques applied to Commercial cell disintegrators is briefly discussed. A simple flow system is described which is easily attached to probe-type disintegrators. The use of a crystal pickup for tuning and control purposes is described.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260060302
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Binary and ternary blends of poly(vinyl chloride), hytrel, and a polyurethane (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 3467-3473 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Binary blends of poly(vinyl chloride) and a poly(ether urethane) containing 20 and 40 weight percent, respectively, of poly(vinyl chloride) have been prepared by solution blending from tetrahydrofuran and their degree of mixing investigated using dynamic mechanical analysis. In the polyurethane, transitions were found at -19°C and -119°C. The former was attributed to the glass transition and the latter to a Schatzki type of motion of the polyether sequences. This latter transition occurred at a temperature which is higher than the literature value for the low temperature transition in poly(tetrahydrofuran), which is equivalent to the polyether sequence in the polyurethane. This discrepancy is attributed to the influence of neighboring hard segments present because of incomplete segmental phase separation of the polyurethane. For the blends only one very broad transition was observed, indicating that there was substantial mixing of these two polymers. Three ternary blends were prepared, also by solution blending, containing poly(vinyl chloride), Hytrel, and the polyurethane in the ratios 1:1:1, 1:2:1, and 2:1:1, respectively. In the first two blends there was clear evidence of phase separation. It was only in the 2:1:1 blend that an apparently significantly compatible material resulted.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070261025
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymeric systems for acoustic damping. III. Blends of poly(vinyl chloride), segmented poly(ether ester), and poly(methyl acrylate) (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 3487-3491 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A solution blend of poly(vinyl chloride) and a segmented poly(ether ester) and blends containing these two polymers plus poly(methyl acrylate) were investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis and electron microscopy. The binary blend, which contained 75% by weight of the poly(ether ester), showed only one loss peak, but also evidence of some phase separation. It is believed that the polyether sequences of the poly(ether ester) are extensively mixed with poly(vinyl chloride). Poly(methyl acrylate) was added to spread the damping range and produce a material of potential use as an acoustic damper. It is evident from both electron microscopy and dynamic mechanical analysis that poly(methyl acrylate) is substantially incompatible in the other polymers.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070261027
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