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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Skineffekt im ebenen Keilraum (1981)
    Springer
    Electrical engineering 63 (1981), S. 247-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents Using numerical methods, the eddy current distribution is calculated in a conducting wedge induced by two exciting wires located symmetrical to the wedge. The complex equationsystem is solved by the relaxation-method of Gauß-Southwell and the solution is verified for the case of a conductiong semispace.
    Notes: Übersicht Für den Fall der symmetrisch zu einem leitenden Keil angeordneten, gegensinnig von sinusförmigem Wechselstrom durchflossenen Doppelleitung, wird mit Hilfe numerischer Methoden die Wirbelstromverteilung im Keil berechnet. Das entstehende komplexe Gleichungssystem wird nach dem Relaxationsverfahren von Gauß-Southwell gelöst und die Ergebnisse für den leitenden Halbraum kontrolliert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01574881
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Shapley value for cooperative games under precedence constraints (1992)
    Springer
    International journal of game theory 21 (1992), S. 249-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1270
    Keywords: Cooperative Game ; Shapley Value ; Precedence Constraint ; Marginal Contribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Cooperative games are considered where only those coalitions of players are feasible that respect a given precedence structure on the set of players. Strengthening the classical symmetry axiom, we obtain three axioms that give rise to a unique Shapley value in this model. The Shapley value is seen to reflect the expected marginal contribution of a player to a feasible random coalition, which allows us to evaluate the Shapley value nondeterministically. We show that every exact algorithm for the Shapley value requires an exponential number of operations already in the classical case and that even restriction to simple games is #P-hard in general. Furthermore, we outline how the multi-choice cooperative games of Hsiao and Raghavan can be treated in our context, which leads to a Shapley value that does not depend on pre-assigned weights. Finally, the relationship between the Shapley value and the permission value of Gilles, Owen and van den Brink is discussed. Both refer to formally similar models of cooperative games but reflect complementary interpretations of the precedence constraints and thus give rise to fundamentally different solution concepts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01258278
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Superconductivity of thin films of lead, indium, and tin prepared in the presence of oxygen (1981)
    Springer
    Applied physics 25 (1981), S. 95-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 74.70.Dg ; 74.60.-w ; 73.60.Ka
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have studied the influence of oxygen on the superconducting properties of thin films of lead, indium and tin deposited on glass or sapphire substrates. In addition, the morphological microstructure was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The film thickness was 1.0 μm, and the partial pressure of O2 during the film deposition was raised up to 1×10−4 Torr. In all three materials the development of a granular structure and a strong increase in the residual electric resistivity was observed due to the O2-treatment. Whereas in the Pb films no change of the critical temperature was found, the In films deposited on glass substrates showed a slight increase ofT c due to the oxygen. The strongest increase ofT c (up to 8%) was observed in the O2-treated Sn films. These results are discussed in terms of the McMillan theory. From our measurements of the critical current densityj c we conclude that edge pinning is dominant in the undoped films. All three materials showed a strong increase ofj c due to the O2-treatment which must be interpreted in terms of bulk pinning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00901279
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimization and optimality test for the Max-Cut Problem (1990)
    Springer
    Mathematical methods of operations research 34 (1990), S. 195-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5217
    Keywords: Max-cut ; decision problem ; optimization problem ; polynomial transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir zeigen, daß folgende Probleme polynomial äquivalent sind: 1) Gegeben ein (gewichteter) GraphG, ein cutC vonG. Entscheide obC optimal ist oder nicht. 2) Gegeben ein (gewichteter) GraphG, ein cutC vonG. Entscheide, obC optimal ist oder nicht, und falls nicht, finde einen besseren cutC′. Eine Konsequenz hiervon ist, wie wir sehen werden, daß ein Optimalitätstest Orakel einen polynomialen Algorithmus zur approximativen Lösung von Max Cut Problemen liefert. Insbesondere folgt, daß das Erkennen von maximalen cuts in ungewichteten Graphen NP-schwer ist.
    Notes: Abstract We show that the following two problems are polynomially equivalent: 1) Given a (weighted) graphG, and a cutC ofG, decide whetherC is maximal or not. 2) Given a (weighted) graphG, and a cutC ofG, decide whetherC is maximal or not, and in case it is not, find a better solutionC′. As a consequence, an optimality testing oracle may be used to design a polynomial time algorithm for approximately solving the (weighted) Max-Cut Problem. This in turn implies that recognizing optimal cuts in an unweighted graph is NP-hard.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01415982
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some order dimension bounds for communication complexity problems (1991)
    Springer
    Acta informatica 28 (1991), S. 593-601 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0525
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Summary We associate with a general (0, 1)-matrixM an ordered setP(M) and derive lower and upper bounds for the deterministic communication complexity ofM in terms of the order dimension ofP(M). We furthermore consider the special class of communication matricesM obtained as cliques vs. stable sets incidence matrices of comparability graphsG. We bound their complexity byO((logd)·(logn)), wheren is the number of nodes ofG andd is the order dimension of an orientation ofG. In this special case, our bound is shown to improve other well-known bounds obtained for the general cliques vs. stable set problem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01463947
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die polymerisation von N-ethylaziridin, seine copolymerisation mit N-(2-hydroxyethyl)aziridin und die überführung der copolymeren in die N-(2-chlorethyl)-analogaHerrn Prof. Dr. O. Kratky mit den besten Wünschen zum 80. Geburstag gewidmet (1982)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 183 (1982), S. 1413-1426 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: N-Ethylaziridine (1) was polymerized in water with HCl as initiator and copolymerized with N-(2-hydroxyethyl)aziridine (2). Rapid propagation and termination reactions were observed. The maximum yield increases with the initiator concentration, whereas the molecular weight decreases. This is due to the difference in basicity between the tertiary N-atoms of the two monomers and the tertiary and the terminal secondary N-atoms of the polymers, which causes tranfer and termination reactions. Macrocycles with a side chain on a quaternary N-atom are formed. During the copolymerization, the more basic 1 is preferentially incorporated into the copolymer chain. The copolymerization parameters can be estimated roughly on the basis of basicity considerations: r1 〉 1; r2 〈 1. The ratio of the rate constants (propagation to termination) is lower for 1 than for 2. This is due to the fact that the basicity difference between the monomer and the tertiary N-atoms of the polymer is higher for 1 than for 2. By reaction of thionyl chloride with the copolymers the desired hydrochlorides of the N-(2-chloroethyl) derivatives are obtained. The neutralisation with alkali did not result the free bases, since the products formed are rather due to side reactions.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1982.021830606
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low-Pressure chemical vapour deposition of tantalum pentoxide films for ulsi devices using tantalum pentaethoxide as precursor (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 1 (1992), S. 299-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: LPCVD ; Tantalum pentoxide ; High dielectric constant ; ULSI devices ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A laminar flow low-pressure chemical vapour deposition (LPCVD) system (LAM IntegrityTM) has been used to deposit tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) from Ta(OEt)5 films in the presence of oxygen (O2) at 470 °C at a typical deposition rate of 4 nm min-1. Uniformities of 〈1.5% (SD 1σ) over a 150 mm silicon substrate were obtained. The layers were annealed under different conditions. It was discovered that the films did not change their stoichiometry as determined by Rutherford backscattering (RBS). The as-deposited films were amorphous but became crystalline (β-Ta2O5) at temperatures 〉 700 °C. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results on crystallisation behaviour were supported by X-ray diffraction data. The electrical properties of the Ta2O5 films have been characterised using MIS (metal/insulator/silicon) capacitor structures. Leakage values of 〈10-6 A cm-2 at 6 MV cm-1 equivalent applied electric field and breakdown strengths of 〉7 MV cm-1 at 1.6 μA were obtained for annealed layers. Compound dielectric constants (native silicon oxide thickness of about 2.5 nm plus Ta2O5 of various thicknesses) between 14 and 〉30 have been measured. The electrical properties reveal the potential use of Ta2O5 as a storage capacitor dielectric in 64 and 256 Mbit DRAM (dynamic random access memory) devices.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860010607
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gezielte Präparation von NiobnitridphasenProfessor Günther Rienäcker zum 80. Geburtstage am. 13. Mai 1984 gewidmet (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 512 (1984), S. 7-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation of Niobium Nitrides with Proposed Composition and StructureSpecial proposed niobium nitrides were prepared by using the predictions of the p, T, c diagram Nb—N recently known in most parts. This phase diagram thus could be confirmed.
    Notes: Durch Ausnutzung des in großen Teilen bekannten p, T, c-Diagramms der Nb—N-Verbindungen wurden gezielt bestimmte Niobnitridphasen dargestellt. Die analytische und röntgenographische Charakterisierung der Produkte wird mit dem Zustandsdiagramm verglichen und bestätigt dies weitgehend.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19845120502
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zersetzungsdrücke und Phasengrenzen von NiobnitridenProfessor ALBRECHT RABENAU zum 60. Geburtstage gewidmet. (1983)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 507 (1983), S. 127-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Dissociation Pressures and Phase Boundaries of Niobium NitridesDissociation pressures of niobium nitrides in the region NbN1.006-NbN0.45 were measured by a thermogravimetric method at temperatures from 1300 to 1800°C. The results enabled us to make statements on the two phase regions η/δ, δ/γ and δ/β and on the homogeneity ranges of the δ and the β phase. Enthalpies of the conversions η → δ, δ → γ, δ(γ) → β, and of the formation of the δ phase were calculated. A partial three dimensional c,p,T diagram and a proposal for a twodimensional c,T diagram of the Nb—N system have been designed.
    Notes: Durch Thermogravimetrie wurden die Zersetzungsdrücke von Niobnitriden im Gebiet NbN1,006 bis NbN0,45 bei Temperaturen zwischen 1300 und 1800°C ermittelt. Es resultieren Aussagen über die Zweiphasengebiete η-/δ-Phase, δ-/γ-Phase und δ-/β-Phase. Die Enthalpien der Umwandlungen η → δ, δ → γ, δ(γ) → β sowie der Bildung der δ-Phase aus den Elementen wurden berechnet. Es wurden ein dreidimensionales c,p, T-Teildiagramm konstruiert und ein Vorschlag für ein zweidimensionales c, T-Diagramm des Nb—N-Systems gemacht.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19835071216
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  • 10
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    InclusiveΛProduction and Polarization in 16-GeV/cπ−pInteractions (1983)
    American Physical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-01-31
    Print ISSN: 0031-9007
    Electronic ISSN: 1079-7114
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society
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