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  • 1985-1989  (5)
  • 1
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    Remote sensing as a research tool (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The application of aircraft and spacecraft remote sensing techniques to sea ice surveillance is evaluated. The effects of ice in the air-sea-ice system are examined. The measurement principles and characteristics of remote sensing methods for aircraft and spacecraft surveillance of sea ice are described. Consideration is given to ambient visible light, IR, passive microwave, active microwave, and laser altimeter and sonar systems. The applications of these systems to sea ice surveillance are discussed and examples are provided. Particular attention is placed on the use of microwave data and the relation between ice thickness and sea ice interactions. It is noted that spacecraft and aircraft sensing techniques can successfully measure snow cover; ice thickness; ice type; ice concentration; ice velocity field; ocean temperature; surface wind vector field; and air, snow, and ice surface temperatures.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Observations of the polar regions from satellites using active and passive microwave techniques (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Observations of the ocean ice, ice sheets, ice edges, and ocean waves in the Antarctic, performed by the Seasat and Nimbus-7 satellites are described. Specific features of the Seasat altimeter, the SAR, the Seasat-A Scatterometer System, and the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) are discussed, together with the advantages and limitations of each instrument as applied to the study of ice dynamics. The Nimbus-7 SMMR algorithm for calculating sea-ice concentrations is presented. In addition, the Seasat altimeter-derived data on wind speed and wave heights in the Southern Ocean, and on the ice sheets of the Antarctica and Greenland were evaluated.
    Keywords: GEOSCIENCES (GENERAL)
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  • 3
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    Martian surface physical properties to be derived by radar altimeter on the Mars observer spacecraft (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The potential is described of a candidate Mars Observer altimeter for determining dielectric properties of Mars regolith. It is pointed out that it is straightforward to use the time between altimeter pulse trains for passive radiometry (hence dielectric properties) and roughness can be derived. Given the mission plan the whole surface can be mapped at least three times, yielding data on seasonal variability.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., MECA Symposium on Mars: Evolution of its Climate and Atmosphere; p 37-39
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
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    Satellite observations of sea ice (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An overview is presented of Antarctic and Arctic sea ice studies using data from the Nimbus-5 ESMR and the Nimbus-7 SMMR passive microwave radiometers. Four years (1973-1976) of ESMR data for the Antarctic Ocean define the characteristics of the seasonal cycle including regional contrasts and interannual variations. Major advances include the discovery of the Weddell polynya and the presence of substantial areas of open water in the Antarctic winter pack ice. Regional differences in sea ice extent on time-scales of about a month are shown to be associated with variations in surface-wind fields. In the Arctic, the computation of sea ice concentration is complicated by the presence of multiyear ice, but the amount of multiyear ice becomes an important measurable quantity with dual-polarized, multifrequency passive microwave sensors. Analysis of SMMR data demonstrates its advantage for studying the spatial and temporal variability of the Arctic ice cover. Large observed interannual variations in the distribution of the multiyear pack ice and the presence of significant divergent areas in the central Arctic during winter contrast markedly with the classical view of the Arctic pack ice.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 5; 6, 19
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  • 5
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    Satellite-derived ice data sets no. 2: Arctic monthly average microwave brightness temperatures and sea ice concentrations, 1973-1976 (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A summary data set for four years (mid 70's) of Arctic sea ice conditions is available on magnetic tape. The data include monthly and yearly averaged Nimbus 5 electrically scanning microwave radiometer (ESMR) brightness temperatures, an ice concentration parameter derived from the brightness temperatures, monthly climatological surface air temperatures, and monthly climatological sea level pressures. All data matrices are applied to 293 by 293 grids that cover a polar stereographic map enclosing the 50 deg N latitude circle. The grid size varies from about 32 X 32 km at the poles to about 28 X 28 km at 50 deg N. The ice concentration parameter is calculated assuming that the field of view contains only open water and first-year ice with an ice emissivity of 0.92. To account for the presence of multiyear ice, a nomogram is provided relating the ice concentration parameter, the total ice concentration, and the fraction of the ice cover which is multiyear ice.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-87825 , NAS 1.15:87825
    Format: application/pdf
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