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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of grazer regulation and algal inoculation on photodependent nitrogen fixation in a wetland rice field (1985)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 1 (1985), S. 61-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Cyanophyceae ; Ostracoda ; Ricefields ; Grazing ; N2-fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A dry season field experiment conducted for two consecutive years highlighted problems of achieving increased populations of N2-fixing blue-green algae (BGA) in wetland rice fields. Inoculation of non-indigenous BGA strains, either dried or as fresh viable inocula even at high levels of application, was unsuccessful. A limiting effect of grazing invertebrate populations on BGA establishment was evident, but other factors were involved. Reducing grazer pressure did not permit establishment of inoculated BGA; interspecific competition and environmental factors may explain the inoculation failure. Grazer regulation permitted the establishment of a fast-growing indigenous N2-fixing Anabaena and the doubling of N2-fixing activity over a control. Neither inoculation nor grazer control affected grain yields significantly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255132
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seeding vs. vegetative propagations of the stem-nodulating green manure Sesbania rostrata (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 279-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Sesbania rostrata ; Green manure ; Biofertilizer ; Nitrogen fixation ; Stem nodule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ratooning and stem cutting were compared with seeding in order to reduce the amount of seeds of Sesbania rostrata for green-manure growth. Both methods increased the biofertilizer yield highly significantly within a 6-week growth period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261012
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The fate of markerAzospirillum lipoferum inoculated into rice and its effect on growth, yield and N2 fixation of plants studied by acetylene reduction,15N2 feeding and15N dilution techniques (1986)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 7-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Azospirillum lipoferum inoculation ; Rice yield ; Acetylene reduction assay ; 15N feeding and dilution techniques
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A spontaneous mutant ofAzospirillum lipoferum, resistant to streptomycin and rifampicin, was inoculated into the soil immediately before and 10 days after transplanting of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Two rice varieties with high and low nitrogen-fixing supporting traits, Hua-chou-chi-mo-mor (Hua) and OS4, were used for the plant bacterial interaction study. The effect of inoculation on growth and grain and dry matter yields was evaluated in relation to nitrogen fixation, by in situ acetylene reduction assay,15N2 feeding and15N dilution techniques. A survey of the population of marker bacteria at maximum tillering, booting and heading revealed poor effectivety. The population of nativeAzospirillum followed no definite pattern. Acetylene-reducing activity (ARA) did not differ due to inoculation at two early stages but decreased in the inoculated plants at heading. In contrast, inoculation increased tiller number, plant height of Hua and early reproductive growth of both varieties. Grain yield of both varieties significantly increased along with the dry matter. Total N also increased in inoculated plants, which was less compared with dry matter increase.15N2 feeding of OS4 at heading showed more15N2 incorporation in the control than in the inoculated plants. The ARA,15N and N balance studies did not provide clear evidence that the promotion of growth and nitrogen uptake was due to higher N2 fixation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00638955
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical composition of cultures and natural samples of N2-fixing blue-green algae from rice fields (1986)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 131-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Blue-green algae ; Chemical composition ; N2 ; fixation ; Rice fields ; Cyanobacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Laboratory cultures, soil cultures, and natural samples of N2-fixing blue-green algae (BGA) from rice fields were analyzed for dry matter, ash, N, C, P, and a few other constituents. Results show a very large variability of the composition. Dry matter contents ranged from 0.28% to 13.6% (average 3.3%). Ash contents ranged from 15.6% to 71.3%. Nitrogen contents ranged from 1.9% to 11.8% on an ash-free basis (average 6%). Carbon content was less variable, ranging from 37% to 72% and averaging 43.7%. A decrease in N and pigment contents, and an increase in reducing sugars, was observed in aging laboratory cultures. Large differences in composition were observed between field samples and material grown in artificial medium. Soil-grown BGA and field samples were characterized by very high ash contents, N contents lower than those in laboratory cultures, and P deficiency. Extrapolation from (1) average dry matter, ash, and N contents and (2) records of BGA biomass in rice fields indicates that an algal bloom has a potentiality of about 15–25 kg N per hectare and that a BGA biomass of agronomic significance is visible to the naked eye.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257592
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 98-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Blue-green algae ; Cyanobacteria ; Rice field ; Inoculation ; Nostoc ; Anabaena ; Calothrix ; N2-fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 102 to 8.0 × 106 CFU/cm2 (median 6.4 × 104) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 104 to 2.8 × 107 CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N2-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257642
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects on N2 fixation (C2H2 reduction), bacterial population and rice plant growth of two modes of straw application to a wetland rice field (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 106-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation (C2H2 reduction) ; Aerobic and N2-fixing heterotrophs ; Photosynthetic purple nonsulphur bacteria ; Straw ; Wetland rice soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of incorporation and surface application of straw to a wetland rice field on nitrogen fixation (C2H2 reduction), bacterial population and rice plant growth were studied. Rice straw (5 t ha−1) was chopped (10- to 15-cm pieces) and applied to the field 2 weeks before transplanting IR42, a long-duration variety, and IR50, a short-duration variety. The acetylene-reducing activity (ARA) of IR42 and IR50 measured at heading stage for 3 consecutive days showed significantly higher ARA in IR42 as a result of the 2 straw application methods. Mostly up to 20 days after straw surface application and incorporation, the dark ARA in the soil, total and N2-fixing heterotrophs, and photoorganotrophic purple nonsulphur bacteria (POPNS) in the soil and in association with degrading straw were stimulated. Higher bacterial populations were associated with straw on the surface than with straw incorporated. The POPNS counts, in particular, were increased hundreds fold in the surface-applied straw treatment. Straw applications also increased the root, shoot and total plant biomass at heading stage and the total dry matter yield at harvest in both varieties. The data show the potentials of straw as a source of substrate for the production of microbial biomass and for the non-symbiotic N2 fixation to improve soil fertility and plant nutrition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257643
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of ophthalmic administration of S-596 (arotinolol) on intraocular pressure and haemodynamics in healthy volunteers: Comparison with timolol (1985)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 28 (1985), S. 391-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: arotinolol ; timolol ; intraocular pressure ; systemic absorption ; haemodynamics ; ophthalmic administration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects on intraocular pressure (IOP) and haemodynamics of two β-blockers, arotinolol and timolol, administered topically to the eye, were studied in 6 healthy volunteers in a cross-over trial. 0.5% timolol or 0.5% arotinolol ophthalmic solutions drop was instilled in both eyes of the volunteers at an interval of 48 hours. Timolol lowered IOP by about 31.9% 1 hour after administration and the effect continued until 3 h, whilst arotinolol lowered it significantly 2 h after instillation and the same maximum effect as that of timolol was obtained after 3 h. Arotinolol was detected in blood in all subjects and timolol in blood in one subject, although it was found in all subjects in urine. Both drugs lowered heart rate at rest and attenuated the increase in the double product (products of blood pressure and heart rate) at exercise. The effect of timolol on the double products was larger. Thus, arotinolol and timolol decreased IOP to similar extent, although the maximal effect of arotinolol was delayed. Arotinolol as well as timolol affected haemodynamics through absorption into circulation, but the former had less effect on haemodynamics during exercise.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00544356
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High Tc superconducting films of Y-Ba-Cu oxide prepared by low-pressure plasma spraying (1988)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 52 (1988), S. 1011-1013 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A low-pressure plasma spraying technique for depositing high Tc Y-Ba-Cu-O thick films has been developed. Films with a thickness range of 20–100 μm have been prepared by using Y0.3Ba0.7CuOx powders. After post-annealing in oxygen for 1 h at 950 °C, the films, which were deposited on a nimonic alloy substrate heated at 650 °C during spraying, exhibited a zero resistance temperature of 90.6 K with a transition width (90%–10%) of 2 K and a critical current density (77 K, 0 T) of 690 A/cm2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.99229
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fate of Azolla spp. and urea nitrogen applied to wetland rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 102-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Azolla microphylla ; N cycling ; 15N method ; Wetland rice ; Anabaena azollae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Using 15N, the fate of N applied to wetland rice either as Azolla or urea was studied in a field at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). In bigger plots nearby, yield response and N uptake were also determined with unlabelled N sources. Azolla microphylla was labelled by repeated application of labelled ammonium sulfate. Labelled and unlabelled N were used alternately in applications of Azolla or urea 0 and 42 days after transplanting, in order to determine the effect of the time of application on the availability of Azolla N. The quantities of Azolla N incorporated were 23% more than those of urea N (30 kg N ha−1) in the isotope plots or 7% less in the yield response plots. Grain yield and total N uptake by the rice plants in the yield-response plots were higher in the urea-treated plots than in the Azolla-treated plots, but the physiological effect of Azolla N (grain yield response/increase in N uptake) was higher than that of rea. The labelled N balance was studied after the first and second crops of rice. Losses of labelled N after the first crop were higher from urea (30%–32%) than from Azolla (0%–11 %). Losses in N applied as a side dressing 42 days after transplanting were less than those of N applied basally. No further losses of 15N occurred after the first crop. The recovery of Azolla 15N in the first crop of rice was 39% from the basal application and 63% from the side dressing. The recovery of urea 15N was 27% from the basal application and 48% from the side dressing. Recoveries of residual N from both Azolla and urea during the second rice crop were similar. Laboratory incubation of the Azolla used and the changes in labelled exchangeable N in the soil showed that at least 65% of Azolla N (4.7% N content) was mineralized within 10 days.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257752
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    3. Technologies for utilizing biological nitrogen fixation in wetland rice: Potentialities, current usage, and limiting factors (1986)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 9 (1986), S. 39-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen fixation ; lowland rice ; azolla ; blue-green algae ; legumes ; straw ; technology ; review
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Almost all types of N2-fixing microorganisms are found in lowland rice fields. The resulting N fertility has permitted moderate but constant productivity in fields where no N fertilizer is applied. Current and potential technologies for utilizing biological N2 fixation in lowland rice production are reviewed in terms of potential, current usage, and limiting factors. Legumes and azolla have been traditionally used as green manure in parts of Asia, permitting yields of 2–4 t/ha. To a limited extent, straw incorporation favors heterotrophic biological N2 fixation. Recently, inoculation with blue-green algae has been claimed to increase yields by about 10%. Using non-symbiotic N2-fixing systems is still experimental. Utilization of biological N2 fixation as an alternative or additional N source for rice is severely limited by technological, environmental, and socioeconomical factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048695
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