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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stoßwellen in Gas-Partikel-Gemischen mit Massenaustausch zwischen den Phasen (1985)
    Springer
    Heat and mass transfer 19 (1985), S. 101-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Nichtgleichgewichts-Austauschprozesse, die in einem Gas-Partikel-Gemisch hinter einer Stoßwelle ablaufen, werden in dieser Arbeit untersucht. Sie werden sowohl mit den Erhaltungsgleichungen für zwei interaktive Kontinua als auch mit den vereinfachten Gleichungen für Einzelpartikel in einem Gaskontinuum beschrieben. Der besondere Akzent liegt auf den Transportvorgängen sehr kleiner Partikel, die im Übergangsbereich zwischen Kontinuumsbedingungen und freier Molekülströmung stattfinden. Sie werden durch einfache Knudsenzahlansätze berücksichtigt. Beispiele zeigen die Geschwindigkeits-, Temperatur- und Partikelgrößenrelaxation hinter Stoß-wellen in Argon mit DOP-Tröpfchen und mit festen NaCl-Salzpartikeln.
    Notes: Abstract The nonequilibrium transfer processes, which take place in a gas-particle mixture behind shock waves, are investigated in this study. They will be described both by the conservation equations of two interactiv continua and by the simplified equations of a single particle in a gas continuum. The special accent is on exchange processes of very small particles, which take place in the transition regime between continuum and free molecular conditions. They are taken into account by simple Knudsen number corrections. Examples show the velocity, the temperature and the particle size relaxation behind shock waves in argon containing DOP droplets or solid NaCl particles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01682553
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface-enhanced Raman scattering from p-nitrobenzoic acid (1986)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 85 (1986), S. 1150-1155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) from thin films formed by p-nitrobenzoic acid (PNBA) adsorbed onto silver island films has been investigated. SERS spectra obtained using low laser powers were very similar to the normal Raman spectra of the sodium salt of PNBA and were characterized by strong bands near 1600 and 1355 cm−1 and by weaker bands near 1395, 1115, and 875 cm−1. The band near 1395 cm−1 was assigned to the symmetric stretching mode of carboxylate groups, indicating that PNBA was adsorbed as a metal salt. When PNBA films were irradiated at high laser powers, a rapid reaction occurred. The bands near 1355 and 1115 cm−1 gradually decreased in intensity and a strong band near 1460 cm−1 and a strong doublet near 1150 cm−1 gradually appeared. The band near 1460 cm−1 and the doublet near 1150 cm−1 were attributed to azodibenzoate formed by the reductive coupling of PNBA molecules at the silver surface during laser irradiation. When adsorbed PNBA films were irradiated at low laser powers, the reaction still occurred but at a much lower rate. Reduction of PNBA was probably thermally induced but a photochemical mechanism may also be possible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.451311
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature measurements behind shock waves using a rapid scanning IR-diode laser (1987)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 30 (1987), S. 1294-1298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Temperature measurements behind shock waves are possible by applying optical methods. In the case of a thermally relaxing system it is generally difficult to measure the translational and vibrational temperatures separately and in a direct way. In the present case, a rapid scanning infrared-diode laser has been used to study the relaxation behavior of a shock heated CO/Ar mixture. The vibrational temperature can be measured by rapid scanning over two or three adjacent rotational lines from different vibrational transitions of CO. In addition it is possible to determine the translational temperature of the gas mixture from the thermal broadening of a single highly resolved rotational absorption line. The experimentally determined vibrational and translational temperature are in reasonable agreement with the computed values based on shock speed measurements and vibrational relaxation data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.866244
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    First observations on break-up of particle agglomerates in shock waves (1987)
    Springer
    Experiments in fluids 5 (1987), S. 86-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1114
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The destruction of solid agglomerates suspended in argon by means of shock waves (1 〈M s 〈 5) has been studied experimentally using a conventional shock tube apparatus. The change in particle size was measured by time-dependent in situ laser light scattering of the particle ensemble in the shock wave. The test facilities used are given in details, and the principle of the Mie-theory, necessary for complete understanding of the data reduction, is described. In this paper data reduction and first analysis employing two independent trial solutions involving the Mie-theory for polydisperse, spherical particle-ensembles are presented. Three types of agglomerates suspended in argon with a mean initial size of about 1 gm were exposed to the shock wave and different size reduction behaviours were observed. The deagglomeration effect depends largely on the wave intensity and on the physico-chemical structure of the particle aggregates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00776178
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ages of tuff beds at East African early hominid sites and sediments in the Gulf of Aden (1985)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 313 (1985), S. 306-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The initial late Cenozoic calcareous nannofossil biostratigra-phy of sites 231 and 232 (ref. 4) was based largely on the zonation of Bukry5 and recently has been more precisely dated6,7. We recognized the following last-appearance datums (LADs) of calcareous nannofossil zones and assigned the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/313306a0
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface-enhanced raman scattering from poly(4-vinyl pyridine) (1987)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 25 (1987), S. 1923-1933 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has been observed for poly(4-vinyl pyridine) absorbed onto silver island films. Bands near 1219 and 1613 cm-1, which are weak in normal Raman spectra of PVP, are strong in SERS spectra, and the band near 1020 cm-1, which is the strongest band in the normal spectra, is relatively weak in SERS. The strongest bands in the SERS spectra all belong to the same symmetry species as αZZ, implying that the pyridine moieties are adsorbed through the nitrogen atoms with a vertical conformation. The ring breathing mode of the pyridine rings is observed near 1020 cm-1, a frequency characteristic of pyridinium ions or coordinated pyridine, providing further evidence for adsorption through the nitrogen atoms. Silver catalyzed photooxidation, which can lead to the appearance of artifacts in SERS spectra, particularly of polymers, can be reduced by overcoating SERS samples with thin films of polymers such as poly(methyl methacrylate) that have low Raman scattering cross sections.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1987.090250912
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface-enhanced Raman scattering from bilayers of polystyrene, diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A, poly(4-vinyl pyridine), and poly(4-styrene sulfonate) (1988)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 26 (1988), S. 2447-2461 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has been observed from thin films of polystyrene (PS), diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA), and poly(4-vinyl pyridine) (PVP) deposited on silver island films Degradation of the polymers occurred rapidly during laser irradiation and was accompanied by the appearance of strong bands near 1375 and 1575 cm-1. These bands were attributed to the formation of graphite-like species by the silver-catalyzed thermal oxidation of the polymers induced by localized laser heating of the substrate. When the thin films of PS, DGEBA, or PVP were overcoated with much thicker films of a second polymer such as polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), the degradation was greatly reduced, and excellent SERS spectra of the PS, DGEBA, and PVP films were obtained. Overlayers reduced degradation within the first films deposited on silver island films by restricting the availability of oxygen at the interface to its solubility in the overlayer polymer or by altering the adsorption of oxygen onto the substrate. SERS was observed for the PS, DGEBA, and PVP films and the PSS overlayers when the films were deposited from relatively dilute solutions. When the PS, DGEBA, and PVP films were deposited from more concentrated solutions, SERS was not observed from the PSS overlayers. It was suggested that most of the SERS was due to a short-range, charge-transfer mechanism associated with sites of atomic scale roughness and that SERS was observed from the overlayer when the first film failed to occupy all of the sites.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1988.090261205
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation of p, p′-azodibenzoate from p-aminobenzoic acid on silver island films during surface-enhanced Raman scattering (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 19 (1988), S. 281-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 0377-0486
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) from p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) adsorbed on silver island films was investigated. PABA reacted very quickly to form p,p′-azodibenzoate when exposed to atmospheric moisture and laser light. This was evidenced by the appearance of a strong band near 1460 cm-1 and a strong doublet near 1150 cm-1 that were characteristic of the azodibenzoate. Exposure to a drier environment such as in a desiccator or a vacuum inhibited the reaction. It was concluded that the reaction of PABA to form the azodibenzoate involved two steps, the first being the hydrolysis of the amine and the second dimerization during exposure to laser light.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1250190412
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  • 9
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    First observations on break-up of particle agglomerates in shock waves (1987)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1987-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0723-4864
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1114
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
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    Temperature measurements behind shock waves using a rapid scanning IR-diode laser (1987)
    American Institute of Physics
    Details
    Publication Date: 1987-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0031-9171
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics
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