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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 58 (1985), S. 4670-4678 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: There is increasing technological interest in using Cl2 and Cl-containing compounds in the dry plasma etching of III–V semiconductors. This paper presents a study of the ion-assisted etching of GaAs by Cl2 using a modulated ion beam technique to gain insight into the kinetic mechanism of this process. The etching rate increases with increasing ion energy (0.3–3 kV) and depends linearly on ion flux (1.0–10.0×1014 ions cm2 s). The etching rate increases with increasing Cl2 pressure up to a saturation limit near 2×10−6 Torr. This saturation limit is independent of the ion flux coincident on the surface within the range studied. The ion-enhanced etching rate decreases with increasing sample temperature over the range 300–500 K. Major etch products are AsCl3 and GaCl2 (and possibly GaCl), and the time dependence of the increase in these mass spectrometer signals following the initiation of the ion pulse is consistent with all of the products having a most probable translational energy of ∼0.14 eV. There is an additional delay in the appearance of the AsCl3 signal which roughly corresponds to a first order reaction with an associated time constant of 1.1 ms. One possible kinetic mechanism for the ion-enhanced etching is proposed which involves the surface reactions of Ga and AsCl with adsorbed chlorine. In this model, the ∼1 ms delay in the appearance of the AsCl3 is attributed to the lifetime of potential energy excitation caused by the ion.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 319 (1986), S. 474-477 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Western basin cold core eddies are spawned from Gulf Stream meanders that intensify, grow into loops, and pinch off from the main stream to form rings of current that wander independently in the waters to the south and south-east of the Gulf Stream3. They are readily distinguishable from other ...
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Net-building behaviour ; Development ; O2-deficiency tolerance ; Hydropsyche ; River Rhine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Tolerance, growth and development of H. contubernalis and H. pellucidula were analyzed at different O2-concentrations to determine the species specific potency amplitude in relation to O2-concentration. In addition netbouilding behaviour was compared at different O2-concentrations and current velocities. Under anaerobic conditions slightly greater tolerance was observed in H. contubernalis than in H. pellucidula. But at a higher O2-concentration H. contubernalis showed a distinctly higher O2-deficiency tolerance than H. pellucidula in relation to net-building activity, growth and development. In addition, more than 50% of H. contubernalis instars built capture nets with regular meshes at an O2-saturation of only 30% (15°C). High growth rates were also found at 50% O2-saturation and more than half the larvae developed into imagos. In addition to diminished net-spinning activity the mean growth rate started to decrease at an O2-saturation of 70% to 38% and the development into an imago was not possible in H. pellucidula. Because H. contubernalis corresponds to a regulative type, being able to maintain a high level of netbuilding activity, growth rate and development over a wide range (50% to 100% O2-saturation). On the other hand H. pellucidula corresponds to a conform type, because physiological efficiency decreases rapidly with falling O2-concentration, so that development into an imago is no longer possible below 85% O2-saturation. Positive correlation between net-spinning activity and tested current velocity between 10 cm/s and 25 cm/s (15°C) was found in H. pellucidula. H. contubernalis showed no change in net-building activity, over this range of current velocity. H. contubernalis can be classified as an euryoecious species with a great potency amplitude in relation to O2-concentration and current velocity. The high tolerance to O2-deficiency conditions probably allowed the early recolonization of the Mittel-and Niederrhein when a distinct O2-deficit (mean 29%, max 56%) could still be measured. H. contubernalis can be considered a bioindicator of O2-deficiency situations. Undisturbed development of H. pellucidula in this section of the river requires a further improvement in O2-content.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 572 (1989), S. 63-74 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Molecular and Crystal Structure of 1,4-Bis[tris(tetrahydrofuran)lithium]-octaphenyltetrasilane1,4-Dilithium-octaphenyltetrasilane prepared from octaphenyl-cyclo-tetrasilane and lithium in tetrahydrofuran (THF) [4], can be isolated from tetrahydrofuran/n-pentane as an adduct with six molecules of tetrahydrofuran per formula unit. The orange-red compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 {a = 1159.6(3); b = 1268.4(2); c = 1367.8(3) pm; α = 92,23(2)° β = 113.79(2)° γ = 111.62(2)° at -5 ± 3°C; Z = 1}. An x-ray structure determination (Rw = 0.046) shows the existence of a centrosymmetric molecule with an extended planar Li—Si4—Li unit; either lithium atom is bound to silicon and to the oxygen atoms of three molecules of tetrahydrofuran. Characteristic bond lengths and angles are: Li—Si 271; Si—Si 241 and 243; Si—C 190 to 192 pm; Li—Si—Si 126°; Si—Si—Si 127°. 29Si and 7Li n.m.r. measurements at low temperatures indicate the presence of three different adducts.
    Notes: Das aus Octaphenyl-cyclo-tetrasilan und Lithium in Tetrahydrofuran (THF) dargestellte, orangerote 1,4-Dilithium-octaphenyltetrasilan [4] kristallisiert aus Tetrahydrofuran/n-Pentan als Addukt mit sechs Molekülen Tetrahydrofuran triklin in der Raumgruppe P1. Die Verbindung weist folgende, bei -5 ± 3°C bestimmte Parameter der Elementarzelle auf: a = 1159,6(3); b = 1268,4(2); c = 1367,8(3) pm; α = 92,23(2)°; β = 113,79(2)° γ = 111,62(2)°; Z = 1. Nach den Ergebnissen einer Röntgenstrukturanalyse (Rw = 0,046) liegt ein zentrosymmetrisches Molekül mit gestrecktem, planarem Li—Si4—Li-Gerüst vor; jedes Lithium ist an Silicium und die Sauerstoffatome aus drei Tetrahydrofuran-Molekülen gebunden. Charakteristische Bindungslängen und -winkel sind: Li—Si 271; Si—Si 241 und 243; Si—C 190 bis 192 pm; Li—Si—Si 126°; Si—Si—Si 127°. 29Si- und 7Li-Kernresonanz-Messungen bei tiefen Temperaturen ergeben in Lösung drei unterschiedliche Addukte.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 520 (1985), S. 139-150 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Acyl- and Alkylidenephosphines. XXVII. Molecular and Crystal Structure of Methyl-[(N-phenyl, N-trimethylsilyl)thiocarbamoyl]trimethylsilylphosphine.Methyl[(N-phenyl, N-trimethylsilyl)thiocarbamoyl]trimethylsilylphosphine 1a formed via an addition of methylbis(trimethylsilyl)phosphine to phenyl isothiocyanate [1], crystallizes in the monoclinic centrosymmetric space group P21/n with following dimensions of the unit cell determined at a temperature of measurement of -80±3°C: a=1041.2(4);b=1706.9(12);c=1001.1(6)pm; β=106.41(4)°; Z = 4. An X-ray structure determination (Rw = 0.039) confirms the constitution of the compound as already derived from its nmr spectra. One trimethylsilyl group is bound to the phosphorus atom, whereas the other is connected with the sp2-hybridized nitrogen atom. Characteristic rounded bond lenghts and angles are: P—Si 231, P—CH3 184, P—C(S) 187, C=S 167, N—C(S) 137, and N—Si 181 pm as well as P—C—S 122°, P—C—N 117°, and S—C—N 121°.
    Notes: Das durch Addition von Methylbis (trimethylsilyl) phosphan an Phenylisothiocyanat gebildete [1] Methyl[N-phenyl, [N-trimethylsilyl] thiocarbamoyl thiocarbamoyl]trimethylsilylphosphan 1a kristallisiert monoklin in der zentrosymmetrischen Raumgruppe P21/n mit folgenden, bei einer Meßtemperatur von -80±3°C bestimmten Abmessungen der Elementarzelle: a=1041,2(4); b=1706,9(12); c=1001,1(6) pm; β-106,41(4)°; Z = 4. Die Röntgenstrukturanalyse (w = 0,039) bestätigt die bereits aus den NMR-Spektren abgeleitete Konstitution der Verbindung mit an Phosphor- und sp2-hybridisiertes Stickstoffatom gebundenen Trimethylsilyl-Gruppen. Charakteristische gerundete Bindungslängen und - winkel sind: P—Si 231, P—CH3 184, P—C(S) 187, C=S 167, N—C(S) 137 und N—Si 181pm sowie P—C—S 122°, P—C—N 117° und S—C—N 121°.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 520 (1985), S. 120-138 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Acyl-and Alkylidenephosphines. XXVI. 2, 4-Bis (phenylimino)-1, 3-diphosphetanes from Thiocarbamoyl- and Carbamoyltrimethylsilylphosphines.Bis(trimethylsilyl)phosphines R—P[—Si(CH3)3]2 1 (R = H3C a, H5C6 b, (H3C)3C e, H11C9 d) and phenyl isothiocyanate give insertion compounds which were identified as [CN-phenyl, N-trimethylsilyl)thiocarbamoyl]trimethylsilylphosphines 3 - 2 in solution as well as in the solid state [2]. In the presence of small amounts of solid sodium hydroxide the phenyl derivative 3 - 2b eliminates bis(trimethylsilyl) sulfane, whereas the tert-butyl 3 - 2c and the mesityl compound 3 - 2d show the same reaction even without a catalyst. The unstable [(phenylimino)methylidene]phosphines 6 formed first, dimerize rapidly to give 2, 4-bis(phenylimino)-1,3-diphosphetanes 7 which in solution exist as mixtures of the E and Z isomers. Via a NaOH-catalyzed elimination of hexamethyldisiloxane these cyclic phosphines 7 can also be obtained from the adducts of phenyl isocyanate and bis(trimethylsilyl)phosphines 1. Taking the thermally sufficiently stable tert-butyl derivative 7 c as an example, the temperature dependence of n.m.r. spectra is discussed in detail.
    Notes: Die Bis(trimethylsilyl)phosphane R—P[—Si(CH3)3]3 1 (R=H5C6 b, H3C)3C c, H11C9 d) reagieren mit Phenylisothiocyanat zu Insertionsverbindungen, die sowohl in Lösung als auch im Festkörper [2] als [(N-Phenyl-Derivat 3-2beliminiert in Gegenwart geringer Menge an festem Katalysators Bis(trimethylsilyl] sulfan; dei zunächst gebildeten, instabilen [(Phenylimino)-methyliden]phosphane 6 dimerisieren rasch zu den in Lösung E/Z-isomeren 2, 4-Bis (phenylimino)-1, 3-diphosphetanen 7. Diese cyclischen Phosphane 7 sind über die NaOH-katalysierte Abspaltung von Hexamethyldisiloxan auch aus den Addukten 2 des Phenylisocyanats an Bis(trimethylsilyl)-phosphane 1zugänglich. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit de NMR-Spektren wird am Beispiel des thermisch hinreichend stabilen tert-Butyl-Derivates 7c eingehend untersucht.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Acyl- and Alkylidenearsines. VI. Comparative Studies on the Structures of Bis(2,2-di-methylpropionyl)phenylarsine and -phosphine.Bis(2,2-dimethylpropionyl)phenylarsine 1a [19] and -phosphine 1b [20] prepared from the corresponding bis(trimethylsilyl) derivative and 2,2-dimethylpropionyl chloride, crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/c with following dimensions of the unit cell determined at a temperature of measurement of -70 ± 3°C/-73 ± 3°C: a = 1449.3(7)/1468.3(3); b = 1050.0(5)/985.9(2); c = 1138.5(4)/1159.4(4) pm; β = 108.27(3)/105.61(3)°; Z = 4. X-ray structure determinations (Rw = 0.044/0.044) reveal distances of 205 and 191 pm between the pnicogen and the carbon atom of the carbonyl group which, as in similar trifluoromethyl compounds [2], are definitely elongated with respect to standard values of 194 and 183 pm. Further characteristic mean bond lengths and angles are: As—C(phenyl) 194; P—C(phenyl) 184; C=O 119/121; C(O)—C 153/154; C(O)—As—C(O) 91; C(O)—P—C(O) 95; As—C—O 120; P—C—O 120; As—C(O)—C 117 and P—C(O)—C 118°.
    Notes: Die aus den entsprechenden Bis(trimethylsilyl)-Derivaten und 2,2-Dimethylpropionylchlorid zugänglichen Verbindungen Bis(2,2-dimethylpropionyl)phenylarsan 1a [19] und -phosphan 1b [20] kristallisieren monoklin in der Raumgruppe P21/c mit den bei einer Meßtemperatur von -70 ± 3°C/ -73 ± 3°C bestimmten Abmessungen der Elementarzelle: a = 1449,3(7)/1468,3(3); b = 1050,0(5)/985,9(2); c = 1138,5(4)/1159,4(4) pm; β = 108,27(3)/105;61(3)°; Z = 4. Nach den Ergebnissen von Röntgenstrukturanalysen (Rw = 0,044/0,044) weisen sowohl das Arsan 1a als auch das Phosphan 1b Abstände zwischen Pnikogen- und Carbonylkohlen-stoffatom auf, die mit Mittelwerten von 205 und 191 pm wie in den Trifluormethyl-Verbindungen [2] gegenüber dem Standard (194 bzw. 183 pm) eindeutig verlängert sind. Weitere charakteristische mittlere Bindungslängen und -winkel sind: As—C(Phenyl) 194; P—C(Phenyl) 184; C=O 119/121; C(O)—C 153/154 pm; C(O)—As—C(O) 91; C(O)—P—C(O) 95; As—C—O 120; As—C(O)—C 117 und P—C(O)—C 118°.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Acyl- and Alkylidenephosphines. XXX. Molecular and Crystal Structure of 1H-1,3-Benzazaphosphole1H-1,3-Benzazaphosphole synthesized by Issleib and coworkers [2], crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pna21 with following dimensions of the unit cell Determined at a temperature of measurement of -80 ± 3°C: a = 828.6(2); b = 557.1(1); c = 1433.5(4) pm; Z = 4. An X-ray Structure Determination (Rg = 0.061) shows the molecule to be characterized by a rather narrow C—P=C angle of 88.2(4)° as well as a shortened single {180.7(7)} and a typical double bond {169.5(9) pm} between the carbon atoms and the twofold coordinate phosphorus. All the other bond lengths differ only scarcely from corresponding values of the homologues benzimidazole 2a [3, 4] and 1H-1,3-benzazarsole 2c [5]. In spite of the fact that all three solids crystallize in the same space group, only the heterocycles 2b and 2c are isotypic; intermolecular hydrogen bonds as found in 2a, are no longer present in the heavier homologues.
    Notes: Das Von Issleib u. Mitarb. [2] dargestellte 1H-1,3-Benzazaphosphol 2b kristallisiert orthorhombisch in der Raumgruppe Pna21 mit folgenden, bei einer Meßtemperatur Von -80 ± 3°C bestimmten Abmessungen der Elementarzelle: a = 828,6(2); b = 557,1(1); c = 1433,5(4) pm; Z = 4. Nach den Ergebnissen einer Röntgenstrukturanalyse (Rg = 0,061) weist das Molekül bei einem C—P=C-Winkel Von nur 88,2(4)° eine auf 180,7(7) pm Verkürzte Einfach- und eine mit 169,5(9) pm typische Doppelbindung zwischen Den Kohlenstoffatomen und Dem zweifach koordinierten Phosphoratom auf. Die übrigen Bindungslängen weichen kaum Von Den für die Homologen Benzimidazol 2a [3, 4] und 1H-1,3-Benzazarsol 2c [5] publizierten Werten ab. Obwohl bei allen drei Kristallstrukturen die gleiche Raumgruppe auftritt, sind nur die Heterocyclen 2b und 2c zueinander isotyp; die für Verbindung 2a charakteristischen intermolekularen Wasserstoffbrücken bilden sich bei Den schwereren Homologen nicht mehr aus.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Acyl- and Alkylidenephosphines. XXIX. Molecular and Crystal Structure of Orthorhombic (Diphenylmethylidene)mesitylphosphineThe Structure of (diphenylmethylidene)mesitylphosphine 1b first prepared by Bickelhaupt and coworkers [2] as well as later on by us via a different route [3], has been Determined by X-ray diffraction analysis {-125 ± 3°C; orthorhombic; Pbca; a = 951.2(7); b = 2115.8(9); c = 1737.0(18) pm; Z = 8; Rg = 0.041}. Bond lengths and angles {P=C 169.3(2); P—C 183.0(2) pm; C—P=C 107.6(2)°; P=C—C 124.8(2)° and 118.0(2)°} are in almost exact conformity with those obtained from a monoclinic polymorph 1b′ by other authors [4]. With respect to molecular conformation, however, 1b resembles much more the homologous (diphenylmethylidene)mesitylamine 1a [5]. Due to the fact, that they represent polytypoid Stacking variants with equally packed layers of molecules the crystal Structures of 1a and 1b are closely related, whereas 1b and 1b′ do not exhibit such a similarity.
    Notes: Eine Röntgenstrukturanalyse an dem erstmals von Bickelhaupt u. Mitarb. [2] sowie später von uns auf anderem Wege [3] synthetisierten (Diphenylmethyliden)mesitylphosphan 1b {-125 ± 3°C; orthorhombisch; Pbca; a = 951,2(7); b = 2115,8(9); c = 1737,0(18)pm; Z = 8; Rg = 0,041} ergab folgende charakteristische Bindungslängen und -winkel: P=C 169,3(2); P—C 183, 0(2) pm; C—P=C 107,6(2)°; P=C—C 124,8(2)° bzw. 118,0(2)°. Diese Parameter stimmen zwar weitestgehend mit den von anderen Autoren [4] an einem monoklinen Polymorphen 1b′ bestimmten Werten überein; hinsichtlich seiner Molekülkonformation gleicht 1b aber eher Dem homologen (Diphenylmethyliden)mesitylamin 1a [5]. Während die Kristallstrukturen Von 1a und 1b als polytypoide Stapelvarianten mit gleich gepackten Molekülschichten eng miteinander Verwandt sind, ist eine entsprechende Beziehung zwischen 1b und 1b′ nicht zu erkennen.
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