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  • Other Sources  (8)
  • 1985-1989  (8)
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  • 1
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    Multisensor comparison of ice concentration estimates in the marginal ice zone (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Aircraft remote sensing data collected during the 1984 summer Marginal Ice Zone Experiment in the Fram Strait are used to compare ice concentration estimates derived from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery, passive microwave imagery at several frequencies, aerial photography, and spectral photometer data. The comparison is carried out not only to evaluate SAR performance against more established techniques but also to investigate how ice surface conditions, imaging geometry, and choice of algorithm parameters affect estimates made by each sensor.Active and passive microwave sensor estimates of ice concentration derived using similar algorithms show an rms difference of 13 percent. Agreement between each microwave sensor and near-simultaneous aerial photography is approximately the same (14 percent). The availability of high-resolution microwave imagery makes it possible to ascribe the discrepancies in the concentration estimates to variations in ice surface signatures in the scene.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 6843-685
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    Variations of mesoscale and large-scale sea ice morphology in the 1984 Marginal Ice Zone Experiment as observed by microwave remote sensing (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The data acquired during the summer 1984 Marginal Ice Zone Experiment in the Fram Strait-Greenland Sea marginal ice zone, using airborne active and passive microwave sensors and the Nimbus 7 SMMR, were analyzed to compile a sequential description of the mesoscale and large-scale ice morphology variations during the period of June 6 - July 16, 1984. Throughout the experiment, the long ice edge between northwest Svalbard and central Greenland meandered; eddies were repeatedly formed, moved, and disappeared but the ice edge remained within a 100-km-wide zone. The ice pack behind this alternately diffuse and compact edge underwent rapid and pronounced variations in ice concentration over a 200-km-wide zone. The high-resolution ice concentration distributions obtained in the aircraft images agree well with the low-resolution distributions of SMMR images.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 6805-682
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  • 3
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    Observations of the polar regions from satellites using active and passive microwave techniques (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Observations of the ocean ice, ice sheets, ice edges, and ocean waves in the Antarctic, performed by the Seasat and Nimbus-7 satellites are described. Specific features of the Seasat altimeter, the SAR, the Seasat-A Scatterometer System, and the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) are discussed, together with the advantages and limitations of each instrument as applied to the study of ice dynamics. The Nimbus-7 SMMR algorithm for calculating sea-ice concentrations is presented. In addition, the Seasat altimeter-derived data on wind speed and wave heights in the Southern Ocean, and on the ice sheets of the Antarctica and Greenland were evaluated.
    Keywords: GEOSCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    Climatological aspects of Nimbus-7 SMMR data (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: An algorithm was developed for calculating simultaneously SSTs, SWs, and TAUs on a global basis using only the 6.6 and 18 GHz channels of the SMMR. Samples of the retrievals were calculated in each of eight of the SMMR years and found to produce independent results, consistent with weather charts and climatic records, even in the presence of high winds. Another new algorithm for calculating high-latitude scalar winds from Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) data was devised and tuned with surface observations from a number of documented Arctic Polar Low events. The algorithm utilizes the horizontally and vertically polarized radiances from the 0.8 and 1.7 cm wavelength channels of the ten-channel SMMR to retrieve near surface oceanic scalar winds and cloud water in the column, and takes advantage of the relatively small fluctuations in atmospheric water vapor at high latitudes. An advantage of this algorithm for high latitude winds from SMMR over the global algorithm is an inherently better spatial resolution as a result of the shorter wavelengths used.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Laboratory for Oceans; p 143-145
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
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    Observation of El Nino by the Nimbus-7 SMMR (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The quality of Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) derived SST, water vapor, and windspeed are assessed, and these parameters are used to study the El Nino event of 1982-1983 in the equatorial Pacific region from 120 deg to the South American coast. The features of the anomaly fields for these parameters, and the connections between these fields, are discussed. Anomaly fields are found to be qualitatively consistent with outgoing longwave radiation anomaly fields and wind vector anomaly fields.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 6
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    Aircraft and satellite passive microwave observations of the Bering Sea ice cover during MIZEX West (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Passive microwave measurements of the Bering Sea were made with the NASA CV-990 airborne laboratory during February. Microwave data were obtained with imaging and dual-polarized, fixed-beam radiometers in a range of frequencies from 10 to 183 GHz. The high resolution imagery at 92 GHz provides a particularly good description of the marginal ice zone delineating regions of open water, ice compactness, and ice-edge structure. Analysis of the fixed-beam data shows that spectral differences increase with a decrease in ice thickness. Polarization at 18 and 37 GHz distinguishes among new, young, and first-year ice types.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-24; 368-377
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  • 7
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    Reduction of weather effects in the calculation of sea ice concentration from microwave radiances (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A technique is presented which improves existing methods of calculating sea ice concentrations from microwave radiances by reducing weather-related effects over open ocean areas and in the vicinity of marginal sea ice zones. Winds, atmospheric water vapor, cloud liquid water, and rain increase the microwave emission over these regions and thus result in erroneous values of computed sea ice concentration. The method described is based on the microwave spectral properties of sea ice and ice-free ocean and utilizes ratios of the polarized radiances at the 0.81-cm (37 GHz) and 1.7-cm (18 GHz) wavelengths. Following a discussion of the physical basis for this technique, examples are provided which demonstrate its utility. While the technique was developed for use with the Nimbus 7 scanning multichannel microwave radiometer data, it is applicable also to data from other microwave radiometers operating in a similar wavelength range.
    Keywords: OCEANOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 3913-391
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  • 8
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    User's guide for the Nimbus 7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) CELL-ALL tape (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The SMMR instrument onboard the Nimbus-7 satellite has been in operation since October 1978. It provided global coverage of passive microwave observations at 6.6, 10.7, 18, 21, and 37 GHz. The oberved brightness temperature can be used to retrieve geophysical parameters, principally sea surface temperature, atmospheric water vapor and liquid water content over oceans, sea ice concentration, and snow cover over land. The SMME CELL-ALL Tape contains earth-located calibrated brightness temperature data which have been appropriately binned into cells of various grid sizes, allowing intercomparisons of observations made at different frequencies (with corresponding different footprint sizes). This user's guide describes the operation of the instrument, the flow of the data processing the calibration procedure, and the characteristics of the calibrated brightness temperatures and how they are binned. Detailed tape specifications and lists of available data are also provided.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-RP-1210 , REPT-88-181 , NAS 1.61:1210
    Format: application/pdf
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