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  • 1
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    Remote sensing of snow (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The snow parameters affecting sensor responses at different wavelengths are discussed. The effects of snow depth and background radiation on gamma ray sensors and of crystal size, contaminants, snow depth, liquid water, and surface roughness on visible and near-infrared sensors are considered. The influence of temperature, crystal size, and liquid water on thermal infrared sensors and of liquid water, crystal size, water equivalent depth, stratification, snow surface roughness, density, temperature, and soil condition on microwave sensors are addressed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: EOS (ISSN 0096-3941); 68; 682-684
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  • 2
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    Estimating surface soil moisture from satellite microwave measurements and a satellite derived vegetation index (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Normalized 18-GHz microwave brightness temperatures, T(B), and a vegetation index determined from satellite radiometer data are combined with climatically modeled surface moisture estimates to constrain a simple physically based soil moisture model. It is found that the normalized T(B) values correlated well with soil moisture when the data were segregated by vegetation index range, but less so when all the data were combined. By using the vegetation index parameter, the model is shown to account for about 70 percent of the variability in modeled surface soil moisture.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 24; 331-345
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  • 3
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    Image coding of SAR imagery (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Five coding techniques in the spatial and transform domains have been evaluated for SAR image compression: linear three-point predictor (LTPP), block truncation coding (BTC), microadaptive picture sequencing (MAPS), adaptive discrete cosine transform (ADCT), and adaptive Hadamard transform (AHT). These techniques have been tested with Seasat data. Both LTPP and BTC spatial domain coding techniques provide very good performance at rates of 1-2 bits/pixel. The two transform techniques, ADCT and AHT, demonstrate the capability to compress the SAR imagery to less than 0.5 bits/pixel without visible artifacts. Tradeoffs such as the rate distortion performance, the computational complexity, the algorithm flexibility, and the controllability of compression ratios are also discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 4
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    Snow property measurements correlative to microwave emission at 35 GHz (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Snow microstructure, measured by plane section analysis, and snow wetness, measured by the dilution method, are used to calculate input parameters for a microwave emission model that uses the radiative transfer method. The scattering and absorbing properties are calculated by Mie theory. The effects of different equivalent sphere conversions, adjustments for near-field interference, and different snow wetness characterizations are compared for various snow conditions. The concentric shell geometry of liquid water in snow yields higher emissivities and better model results than the separate-sphere configuration for liquid water contents greater than 0.05, while at lower liquid water contents the separate-sphere treatment gives better results.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-25; 751-757
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  • 5
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    Concerning the relationship between evapotranspiration and soil moisture (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The relationship between the evapotranspiration and soil moisture during the drying, supply-limited phase is studied. A second scaling parameter, based on the evapotranspirational supply and demand concept of Federer (1982), is defined; the parameter, referred to as the threshold evapotranspiration, occurs in vegetation-covered surfaces just before leaf stomata close and when surface tension restricts moisture release from bare soil pores. A simple model for evapotranspiration is proposed. The effects of natural soil heterogeneities on evapotranspiration computed from the model are investigated. It is observed that the natural variability in soil moisture, caused by the heterogeneities, alters the relationship between regional evapotranspiration and the area average soil moisture.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 26; 18-27
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  • 6
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    Quantifying spatial and temporal variabilities of microwave brightness temperature over the U.S. Southern Great Plains (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Spatial and temporal variabilities of microwave brightness temperature over the U.S. Southern Great Plains are quantified in terms of vegetation and soil wetness. The brightness temperatures (TB) are the daytime observations from April to October for five years (1979 to 1983) obtained by the Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer at 6.6 GHz frequency, horizontal polarization. The spatial and temporal variabilities of vegetation are assessed using visible and near-infrared observations by the NOAA-7 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), while an Antecedent Precipitation Index (API) model is used for soil wetness. The API model was able to account for more than 50 percent of the observed variability in TB, although linear correlations between TB and API were generally significant at the 1 percent level. The slope of the linear regression between TB and API is found to correlate linearly with an index for vegetation density derived from AVHRR data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 8; 177-191
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  • 7
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    Decorrelation distance of snow in the Colorado River Basin (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The problem of estimating areal averages from point measurement has been extensively studied by mining engineers and hydrologists. Its application to satellite measurements has recently been introduced. The semivariaogram has been used in many geostatistical applications to estimate spatial structures of observed properties, such as mineral distributions. An examination is made of snow variations in Colorado from daily snow data collected in 11 SNOTEL stations. The associated semivariogram is estimated. The objective is to estimate the spatial structure of the snow field so that the point data can be used for comparison with, and validation for, satellite measurements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 8
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    Reflectances of glaciers as calculated using Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper data (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Landsat-5 digital numbers have been used to compute the at-satellite planetary reflectance on spectrally similar zones on the Meares and Schwanda glaciers in Alaska and the Grossglockner glacier group in Austria. The patterns of TM-derived reflectances in the ablation areas of the Grossglockner glacier group and the Meares Glacier compare favorably with published reflectance curves measured on the surface of glacier ice, though the surface reflectance of snow-covered ice is higher than the Landsat-derived reflectance for the glaciers studied. The accuracy of the at-satellite planetary reflectances is shown to be affected by topographic and atmospheric effects and by the anisotropic nature of snow reflectance.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 25; 311-321
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  • 9
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    Comparison of in situ and Landsat derived reflectance of Alaskan glaciers (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Reflectances calculated from TM data and corrected for atmospheric effects correspond with in situ measured reflectances in the nadir-viewing mode, and are shown to be related to a glacier's mass balance if measured over a period of years. A reflectance of 0.895 for a test site in the Wrangell Mountains, Alaska, was calculated from TM Band 4 (0.76 - 0.90 micron) data and corrected for atmospheric effects. This value was comparable to the in situ reflectance of 0.90 measured in the same 0.76 - 0.90 micron wavelength region. For the same site, a reflectance value of 0.79 derived from integrating over most (0.40 - 3.0 micron) of the reflective portion of the electromagnetic spectrum was quite different from the integrated reflectance of 0.95 calculated for the spectral range 0.40 - 1.0 micron. This demonstrates the importance of using the full reflective energy spectrum for calculating the albedo of snow, and for obtaining a meaningful computation of a glacier's energy and mass balance change.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 28; 23-31
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  • 10
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    Snow property measurements correlative to microwave emission at 35 GHz (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Snow microstructure, measured by plane section analysis, and snow wetness, measured by the dilution method, are used to calculate input parameters for a microwave emission model that uses the radiative transfer method. The scattering and absorbing properties are calculated by Mie theory. The effects of different equivalent sphere conversions, adjustments for near-field interference, and different snow wetness characterizations are compared for various snow conditions. The concentric shell geometry of liquid water in snow yields higher emissivities and better model results than the separate-sphere configuration for liquid water contents greater than 0.05, while at lower liquid water contents the separate-sphere treatment gives better results.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA Proceedings of the 1986 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS '86) on Remote Sensing: Today's Solutions for Tomorrow's Information Needs, Volume 2; p 915-920
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