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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological removal of pyritic sulfur from coal by the thermophilic organism Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 41-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: More than 90% of initial pyritic sulfur was removed from bituminous coal samples (containing 2.1% pyritic sulfur) using the thermophilic organism Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. Microbial desulfurization rate was improved nearly ten fold by adjusting the N/P and N/Mg ratios in the nutrient medium. Environmental conditions were optimized. The optimal values of temperature and pH were 70°C and 1.5, respectively. The influence of certain process variables (such as coal pulp density, particle size, and initial cell number density) on the rate of pyritic sulfur removal were determined. A pulp density of 20%, particle size of D¯p 〈 48 μm, and an initial cell number density of 1012 cells/g pyrite in coal were found to be optimal. The carbon dioxide enriched air did not improve the rate of pyritic sulfur removal compared to pure air at 10% pulp density of coal samples containing 2.1% pyritic sulfur. The kinetics of microbial leaching of pyritic sulfur from coal was investigated. The rate of leaching was found to be first order with respect to pyritic sulfur concentration in the reaction medium.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270107
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Disruption of native and recombinant Escherichia coli in a high-pressure homogenizer (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 1330-1342 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The disruption of native and recombinant strains of Escherichia coli was studied using a high-pressure homogenizer (Microfluidizer). The cells were grown in both batch and continuous fermentations. Cell suspensions ranging from 4 to 175 g dry wt/L were investigated at disruption pressures ranging from 30-95 MPa and at up to five passes. For both types of cells, the fraction of cells disrupted was dependent on the growth rate and concentration of the cells, the disruption pressure, and the number of passes through the disrupter. A model is presented that correlates the fractional disruption with these operating variables. The recombinant strain disrupted more readily than the native strain; 95 to 98% disruption of the former was achieved in two to three passes at a pressure of 95 MPa.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260331016
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bacterial adsorption to smooth surfaces: Rate, extent, and spatial pattern (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1662-1667 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The influence of bulk-water bacterial cell concentration and specific growth rate history on bacterial adsorption rates to surfaces was investigated using response surface analysis. A pure culture of Pseudomonas sp. 224S was grown in a chemostat and pumped into a continuous flow reactor where the bacteria were exposed to clean, glass surfaces under turbulent flow conditions for a period of six hours. Adsorption rate decreased approximately linearly with increasing specific growth rate history. Glass surfaces became saturated with 224S at ca. 0.1% coverage and the resulting spatial pattern of the adsorbed cells deviated from random in the direction of uniformity.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260271206
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of organosolv processes for the fractionation and modification of corn stover for bioconversion (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 29 (1987), S. 572-581 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Corn stover was pretreated for compositional fractionation and structural modification for maximum conversion of carbohydrate to soluble sugars. The process scheme consisted of three steps: (1) mild prehydrolysis in dilute sulfuric acid, (2) delignification with various organosolv solvents, and (3) enzymatic hydrolysis in an agitated bead reactor. Prehydrolysis of corn stover can be achieved at temperatures ranging from 95 to 120°C, which is a much milder condition than must be applied to wood. Various organosolv solvents, including several alcohols with acid as catalyst, ethylene glycol, and its derivatives, and amines were used for delignification of the prehydrolyzed corn stover. Aromatic alcohols were found to be more effective in solubilizing the prehydrolyzed corn stover than were the aliphatic alcohols. Butanol was the most effective among the aliphatic alcohols; on the other hand, phenol was the best among the aromatic alcohols. Ethylene glycol, methylcellosolv, and ethylcellosolv were effective in solubilizing the prehydrolyzed corn stover but not for enhancing the enzymatic hydrolysis. Various amines achieved delignification at the mild temperature of 95°C, but they tended to solubilize substantial amounts of carbohydrate in addition to lignin. n-Butylamine was effective in enhancing the conversion during enzymatic hydrolysis; it was a good delignifying agent as well as one that achieved a concomitant swelling of the cellulose structure. The low enzymic conversion (20-37%) of prehydrolyzed and solvent-extracted corn stover that was achieved implies that lignin is not the only major barrier for enzymatic hydrolysis. Modification of cellulose structure also should be accomplished to achieve a high degree of conversion. Enzymatic hydrolysis in the agitated bead system increased the rate and extent of conversion of corn stover substantially compared to systems without beads.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260290506
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    External-circulation-loop airlift bioreactors: Study of the liquid circulating velocity in highly viscous non-Newtonian liquids (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 32 (1988), S. 301-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to obtain further information on the behavior and optimal design of external-circulation-loop airlift (ECL-AL) bioreactors, the liquid circulating velocity, gas holdup and average bubble diameter in the downcomer were studied using highly viscous pseudoplastic solutions of various types of CMC. A few comparative measurements also were made using a viscous Newtonian aqueous sucrose solution. For the liquid velocity measurements, an ultrasonic flow meter (Doppler frequency shift principle) was applied for the first time to the gas/non-Newtonian liquid dispersion in downward flow and satisfactory results were obtained. For viscous liquids, the circulating liquid velocity in the riser section of an ECL-AL (uLR) is shown to be dependent mainly on the downcomer-to-riser cross-sectional area ratio (Ad/Ar), the effective viscosity (ηeff) and the gas superficial velocity (uGR) as described by the following equation \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ u_{LR} = 0.23u_{GR}^{0.32} (A_d /A_r)^{0.97} \eta _{eff}^{ - 0.39} $$\end{document} The circulating liquid velocity exerts opposing effects on the mass transfer and liquid-phase mixing performances of ECL-AL fermentors. Therefore, it is proposed that the optimum operating conditions for a given fermentation may be best achieved by means of independently regulating the circulating liquid velocity.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260320307
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical and enzymic pretreatment of corn stover to produce soluble fermentation substrates (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 362-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Corn stover was pretreated with various chemical agents, including sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, ethylenediamine, n-butylamine (either alone or in solution with methanol), and acetonitrile or ethanol containing hydrochloric acid. Of these chemicals, n-butylamine was the best reagent for pretreatment of corn stover, considering the degree of loss of total carbohydrate, delignification, cumulative weight loss, cumulative yield of reducing sugars per original total carbohydrate, and the potential ease of recovery and reuse of reagent. In comparison to the other reagents tested, n-butylamine (n-BA) selectively delignified corn stover. The best conditions were as follows: a 12-h presoak of about a 155 g dry wt/L slurry (1 mm average particle size) in 100% n-BA at room temperature, followed by 30 min of refluxing (86.5°C) with 40% (w/w) n-BA-distilled water solution. The cumulative yield of reducing sugars after enzymic hydrolysis was 44.5% of the original total carbohydrate and the cumulative total weight loss (dry basis) was 59%. Degradative loss of total carbohydrate during pretreatment was not detected.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270322
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas holdup and overall volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient in airlift contactors (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 369-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The two major types of airlift contactors, concentric-tube and external-loop, were investigated for their gas holdup (riser and downcomer) and overall mass transfer characteristics. Results obtained in batch charges of tap water and 0.15 kmol/m3 NaCl solution are reported for external-loop airlift contactors having downcomer-to-riser cross-sectional area ratios, Ad/Ar, ranging from 0.11 ≤ Ad/Ar ≤ 0.69 and for concentric-tube types in the range 0.13 ≤ Ad/Ar ≤ 0.56.The results are compared and contrasted for the two types of airlift contactors and also with corresponding results obtained in a bubble column (Ad/Ar = 0). Both the riser gas holdup, (εG)r, and the overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient, (KLaD)T, were found to increase with increasing gas superficial velocity and the corresponding specific gassing power input, (PG/VD)T. However, at a specified power input both (εG)r and (KLaD)T decreased with increasing Ad/Ar due to a resultant increase in circulating liquid velocity. Unifying generalized correlations for both types of airlift contactors are given for both (εG)r and (KLaD)T. These correlations are expected to be applicable as well to continuous-liquid flow bubble columns at comparable liquid velocities.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270323
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stability of alginate-immobilized algal cells (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 210-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Investigations were carried out using immobilized Chlorella cells to determine the diameter, compressibility, tolerance to phosphate chelation, and ability to retain algal cells during incubation of various alginate beads. These physical bead characteristics were found to be affected by a variety of interactive factors, including multivalent cation type (hardening agent) and cell, cation, and alginate concentration, the latter exhibiting a predominant influence. The susceptibility of alginate beads to phosphate chelation was found to involve a complex interaction of cation type, concentration, and pH of phosphate solution. A scale of response ranging from gel swelling to gel shrinking was observed for a range of conditions. However, stable calcium alginate beads were maintained in incubation media with a pH of 5.5 and a phosphate concentration of 5μM. A preliminary investigation into cell leakage from the beads illustrated the importance of maintaining a stable gel structure and limiting cell growth to reduce leakage.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280210
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Induction of T4 DNA ligase in a recombinant strain of Escherichia coli (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 33 (1989), S. 991-998 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of cell growth and foreign protein production, as well as factors affecting protein stability, were studied and optimized in batch and fed-batch fermentations of a recombinant strain of Escherichia coli. The pL promoter from bacteriophage lambda under the control of a temperature-sensitive cl represser, with the entire construct integrated into the E. coli chromosome through the use of a defective bacteriophage lambda lysogen, was used to direct the synthesis of T4 DNA ligase. The biphasic fermentations consisted of a primary growth phase at 30°C followed by an induction phase which was initiated by shifting the temperature to 42°C. In the fed-batch fermentations, additional nutrients were added at the time of initiating induction. Maintenance of sufficiently high concentrations of the organic substrates (glucose and casamino acids) during the induction phase was required for continued cell growth at 42°C. Such growth was essential for T4 DNA ligase formation and in vivo stability. Hence, fed-batch fermentations produced the highest yield of the foreign protein Commensurate with providing lower total amounts of substrates. In such cases, high cell densities (6 g dry wt/L) with substantial intracellular levels of T4 DNA ligase (4.6% total cellular protein, or 2.7% of the dry biomass) were achieved.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260330808
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrodynamics and mass transfer in Aspergillus niger fermentations in bubble column and loop bioreactors (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 34 (1989), S. 731-740 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The influence of Aspergillus niger broth rheology, bioreactor geometry, and superficial gas velocity on the volumetric liquid phase oxygen transfer coefficient (kLaL), riser gas holdup (εGR), and circulating liquid velocity (uLR) was studied in a bubble column (BC) and two external-circulation-loop airlift (ECLAL) bioreactors. The results are compared to those of previous studies on homogeneous fluids and in particular with a recent study on non-Newtonian carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) solutions conducted in the same contactors used for the A. niger fermentations. As expected from the CMC-based studies, in the heterogeneous broths of A. niger εGR, kLaL, and uLR decreased with increasing broth apparent viscosity; εGR and kLaL decreased with increasing downcomer-to-riser cross-sectional area ratio, Ad/Ar, whereas uLR increased with increasing Ad/Ar. Gas holdup data in the airlift fermentations of A. niger were well predicted by the CMC-based correlation. However, the CMC-based correlations produced conservative estimations of kLaL and overestimates of uLR compared to the observed values in the A. niger broths.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260340602
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