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  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (21)
  • 1985-1989  (6)
  • 1975-1979  (15)
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Telescopic observations were made of gases and plasmas in the Jupiter system, and related phenomena such as the recently-discovered sodium atmosphere of Mercury. Sodium absorption in Io's atmosphere was observed to distances as large as 5 Io radii during the mutual-eclipse season of the Jovian satellites. Analysis of Jovian disk spectra has proceeded, as planned, from an emphasis on the H2 ortho-para ratio to analysis of methane absorptions and determination of cloud structure. Several 2-channel photometers were constructed in 1978 for the Uranus event at which the rings were discovered and a smaller, single-channel unit was built more recently. Although the photometers themselves are still fully usable, the data-acquisition systems have major deficiencies.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Reports of Planetary Astronomy, 1985; p 34-35
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: It is proposed to measure the reflectance spectra of the icy satellites of Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus in the spectral region 1.8 to 2.4 micrometers. These observations use the new Cooled Grating Array Spectrometer using a 32-element InSb photodiode array detector and produce spectra of higher resolution and precision than any data yet obtained; the ultimate scientific objective is to search for the signatures of methane clathrate, ammonium hydroxide or carbon monoxide clathrate (compounds predicted to exist on icy surfaces in the outer solar system by several theories of formation of these bodies) in the region of the spectrum where water ice has a relative maximum in reflectance. At the very least, these data will allow upper limits to be placed on the amount of these chemical species that can be present. The specific targets is Europa, Ganymede, Enceladus, Ariel and Titania, bodies that have the highest probability of having some or all of these volatiles on their surface according to current formation models.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Reports of Planetary Astronomy, 1985; p 20
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  • 3
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Voyager 2, launched in August 1977, will fly by Uranus in January, 1986, passing within 29,000 km of that planet's innermost moon, Miranda. It will subsequently encounter Neptune in August 1989, flying within 10,000 km of its inner satellite, Triton; images made of this moon by a high resolution camera are expected to reveal surface features as small as a few hundred meters in diameter. The composition of the Uranian moons will br inferred from their near-IR reflectance spectra and mean densities. While the spacecraft will not fly by Pluto, it is expected that the lessons learned from the Voyager encounters with Neptune and Uranus will expand current understanding of Pluto and its moon, Charon.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Scientific American (ISSN 0036-8733); 253; 38-47
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The quantity and physical state of methane and nitrogen in the atmosphere of Neptune's satellite Triton and on the surface are evaluated by means of new telescopic data and laboratory measurements of these volatiles. Methane ice is seen in some spectral regions, indicating that the atmosphere is sufficiently transparent to permit sunlight penetration to the surface. Some of the molecular nitrogen absorption occurs in the atmosphere, though some must occur in condensed nitrogen (liquid or solid) on Triton's surface, or in a thin cloud of condensed nitrogen. The Voyager spacecraft cameras should see the surface of Triton.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 245; 283-286
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: This paper shows that the presence of SO2 may have important implications for Io's atmosphere and transient phenomena. It is suggested that any abundant metal-containing compounds, such as halides or sulfides, are spectrally bland in the wavelength region from 2.0 to 5.0 microns.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 280; Aug. 30
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  • 6
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The spectrum of Io between 4000 A and 6000 A has been studied at high resolution for new features. None were found. The upper limit to new emissions varies with wavelength from 13 kR to 49 kR.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 27; Feb. 197
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  • 7
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The rotation rate of Uranus is investigated by measuring the tilts of reflected Fraunhofer lines observed through a slit spectrograph. The data obtained are corrected for the effect of astronomical seeing, and the data-reduction procedures are outlined in detail. Observations are discussed which indicate that the planet's pole of rotation is parallel to the pole of its satellites' orbits and that Uranus may not rotate as a solid body. A rotational period of 15.57 + or - 0.80 hr is derived for northern midlatitudes on Uranus by adopting a planetary diameter of 51,800 + or - 600 km. Possible sources of small systematic errors are briefly considered.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 217
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper compares dynamic crystallization techniques used on Apollo 15 quartz normative basalts which show differences related to their method. The variation of pyroxene core major element chemistry with cooling rate is confirmed, and it is shown that the Fe loss from liquid is shifted toward the En-Di joint; it is suggested that the nucleation temperature and breakdown of equilibrium partitioning as a function of cooling rate dictate the core composition. It is concluded that the different crystallization behavior that results from the Fe-capsule and Fe-loop container methods is related to the nucleation kinetics.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 19, 1979 - Mar 23, 1979; Houston, TX
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Samples of fines less than 1-mm and 155 1-2 mm particles from several Apollo 17 sites were analyzed for Na, Sc, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Hf, Ta, Th, and REE. Products of comminution and construction are present in the 1-2 mm particles, and the compositions of the rock fragments clearly indicate the general chemical characteristics of their parent rock types. The likely sources of materials for the glassy particles are considered. Glasses are enriched over their parent soils in Fe, Sc, Mn, and Cr, and are relatively enriched in light REE, so that some chemical fractionation accompanies glass-forming processes. Elements were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Science Conference; Mar 17, 1975 - Mar 21, 1975; Houston, TX
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Each bulk soil and both the magnetic and nonmagnetic components of the 90-150 micron and below 20 micron fractions of five soils from drive tube 60009 were analyzed. Samples were analyzed for FeO, Na2O, Sc, Cr, Co, Ni, Hf, Ta, Th, La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, and Lu by neutron activation analysis. Several samples were fused and analyzed for major elements by electron microprobe analysis. Compositional variations are not systematically related to depth. The compositions of the five soils studied are well explained by a two-component mixing model whose end members are a submature Apollo 16-type soil and an extremely immature anorthositic material similar to 60025. There is evidence that the anorthositic component had received a small amount of exposure before these soils were mixed. After mixing, the soils received little exposure suggesting mixing and deposition on a rapid time scale.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Science Conference; Mar 15, 1976 - Mar 19, 1976; Houston, TX
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