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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The aluminum–polyimide interface: An electron-induced vibrational spectroscopy approach (1988)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 88 (1988), S. 3353-3362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Clean polyimide films spin-coated onto gold substrate have been fully characterized by high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS): 19 electron-induced vibrational bands could be resolved and assigned by comparison with IR spectroscopy. The attribution of these peaks constitutes a firm and necessary basis for the detailed study of the incipient interface formation with aluminum at room temperature. The metal being evaporated at a low rate from a Knudsen effusion cell, its equivalent coverage on the polymer could be monitored very efficiently and allowed a clear distinction between three reaction steps: (i) at an Al coverage below 4×1014 Al atom/cm2, the aluminum atoms interact only with the C–O carbonyl in the polymer to form a C–O–metal complex; (ii) between 4 and 10×1014 atom/cm2, no further Al "reaction'' occurs, but the appearance of new CH and OH stretching bands is attributed to bond breaking in the polymer and diffusion of the residues towards the surface; (iii) after further metal evaporation, all the peaks reduce in intensity and the observation of a ν(Al–O) [or ν(Al–C) band] testifies the formation of an aluminum oxide (or carbide) at the surface. Although no dedicated theory can be invoked up to now for the interpretation of HREELS data collected with different electron impact energies and under different scattering geometries, the spectra measured from polyimide before and after aluminum condensation are consistent with a modification of the geometry of the polymer monomeric unit after bonding with the metallic atoms. The metallized polymer surface appears with an equal statistical spatial distribution of all the chemical groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.453930
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic structure of polyimide (1987)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 86 (1987), S. 253-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We present a valence effective Hamiltonian (VEH) electronic structure calculation on the polyimide poly[N,N'-bis(phenoxyphenyl)-pyromellitimide], also called PMDA (pyromellitic dianhydride)–ODA (oxydianiline). The most important result is that the valence electronic bands are calculated to be very narrow, even though the calculation is performed on a perfectly stereoregular chain. For instance, the highest 35 occupied valence bands (i.e., the electronic bands with binding energies lower than 18 eV) have widths smaller than 0.25 eV. That result implies that even small disorder effects will tend to strongly localize the electronic processes in polyimide. From the band structure, we calculate the density of valence states and produce a theoretical simulation of the UPS spectrum. Good agreement with the recently published UPS experimental spectrum is obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.452615
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron vibrational spectroscopy of thin polyimide films (1986)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 85 (1986), S. 6739-6749 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We describe high resolution electron energy loss (HREELS) and UV-photoemission (UPS) measurements performed to investigate the vibrational and electronic surface and interfacial properties of thin insulating polymer films. The measurements were performed in ultrahigh vacuum on PMDA–ODA films of thicknesses ∼30–50 and ∼1000 A(ring) which were spun onto silicon or onto metallic substrates and on thin PMMA films deposited on metallic substrates. The general characteristics of our HREELS spectra are weak, diffuse electron scattering and broad vibrational bands which we have assigned by comparison to infrared absorption data. Cooling the polymer films which were spun onto Si substrates to ∼100 K resulted in a uniform reduction of the overall spectral broadening. This additional inelastic scattering contributing to the broadening appears to originate at the PMDA–ODA/Si interface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.451405
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Development of Camera Calibration Methods and Models (1998)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 16 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Correction for image distortion in cameras has been an important topic for as long as users have wanted to faithfully reproduce or use observed information. Initially the main application was mapping. While this task continues today, other applications also require precise calibration of cameras, such as close range three dimensional measurement and many two dimensional measurement tasks. In the past, the cameras used were few in number and highly expensive whereas today a typical large industrial company will have many inexpensive cameras being used for highly important measurement tasks. Cameras are used more today than they ever were but the golden age of camera calibration for aerial mapping is now well in the past. This paper considers some of the key developments and attempts to put them into perspective. In particular the driving forces behind each improvement have been highlighted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0031-868X.00113
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Principal Point and CCD Cameras (1998)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 16 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The principal point has long been regarded as one of the fundamental parameters in camera calibration. In the age of film based aerial and large format terrestrial cameras, the principal point could be located by a variety of techniques with a certainty of ±10 mm (Carman and Brown, 1961) and this was considered sufficient. However, aerial cameras were precision, purpose built, expensive pieces of equipment where the assembly was painstaking and the location of the principal point measured to a known tolerance. In the digital era, photogrammetrists, and many others, are using cameras which have not been specifically designed or built for photogrammetry. For these cameras there is no requirement for the manufacturers to position the lens in a pre-defined location relative to the image sensing plane or for the lens manufacturer to align the lens elements precisely. In fact, deviations from the centre of the sensor can be a considerable percentage of the extent of the sensor (up to 10 per cent for some zoom lenses (Burner, 1995)). This paper discusses the development of methods of obtaining the location of the principal point, considers the relationship between the principal point and other parameters in the functional model, and shows how the location of this point can be estimated with and without recourse to autocollimation methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0031-868X.00127
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Videometrics III (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0031-868X.00017
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    3rd Conference on Optical 3-D Measurement Techniques (1996)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0031-868X.00052
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Frame Grabber Related Error In Subpixel Target Location (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The accuracy of subpixel target image location is an important factor that contributes to the overall precision of three dimensional measurement when using CCD cameras. This shorter contribution reports the effect of an electrical adjustment of a frame grabber that results in a significant and systematic error in the accuracy of target image location using some target location methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0031-868X.00034
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Automated Three Dimensional Measurement Using Multiple CCD Camera Views (1995)
    Oxford UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @photogrammetric record 15 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The goal of automated three dimensional measurement of arbitrary objects using photogrammetric methods is a long way from being achieved, but significant progress is being made. However, automated measurement of small objects using inexpensive CCD cameras and frame grabbers is becoming increasingly common. A number of such systems have been developed both for commercial use and for academic research. It is within this latter context that a system to measure objects within a controlled environment has been developed at City University. The objective of the research is not only to produce a flexible measuring system for use in online inspection, but also to address many of the fundamental problems that hinder three dimensional measurement outside a controlled environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0031-868X.00003
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  • 10
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    Direct observation of Coulomb correlation effects in polyacetylene (1985)
    American Physical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 1985-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0163-1829
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-3795
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society
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