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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth of native oxide on a silicon surface (1990)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 68 (1990), S. 1272-1281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The control factors controlling the growth of native silicon oxide on silicon (Si) surfaces have been identified. The coexistence of oxygen and water or moisture is required for growth of native oxide both in air and in ultrapure water at room temperature. Layer-by-layer growth of native oxide films occurs on Si surfaces exposed to air. Growth of native oxides on n-Si in ultrapure water is described by a parabolic law, while the native oxide film thickness on n+-Si in ultrapure water saturates at 10 A(ring). The native oxide growth on n-Si in ultrapure water is continuously accompanied by a dissolution of Si into the water and degrades the atomic flatness at the oxide-Si interface, producing a rough oxide surface. A dissolution of Si into the water has not been observed for the Si wafer having surface covered by the native oxide grown in air. Native oxides grown in air and in ultrapure de-ionized water have been demonstrated experimentally to exhibit remarkable differences such as contact angles of ultrapure water drops and chemical binding energy. These chemical bond structures for native oxide films grown in air and in ultrapure water are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.347181
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Very thin oxide film on a silicon surface by ultraclean oxidation (1992)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 60 (1992), S. 2126-2128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Very thin oxide films with a high electrical insulating performance have been grown by controlling preoxide growth using the ultraclean oxidation method. The current level through the ultraclean oxide is lower than that through the conventional dry oxide including thicker preoxide. The barrier height at the silicon-oxide interface for electrons emission from silicon to oxide for the ultraclean oxide is little decreased as the thickness is thinner, while the barrier height for conventional dry oxide is drastically decreased. The growth rate of ultraclean oxide at 900 °C is governed by a simple parabolic law even in the range of 5–20 nm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.107084
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    POLYMORPHISM OF BOVINE MHC CLASS I GENES. JOINT REPORT OF THE FIFTH INTERNATIONAL BOVINE LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN (BoLA) WORKSHOP, INTERLAKEN, SWITZERLAND, 1 AUGUST 1992 (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The objectives of the Fifth International BoLA Workshop were to: standardize nomenclature, compare typing methods, and characterize BoLA haplotypes. The workshop was based on the distribution of blood samples (cells) from 60 selected cattle to 14 laboratories. Results for the class I (BoLA-A) region are presented in this paper while results for the class II regions are presented in a separate report. Thirty-six of the 50 previously established serological class I specificities were represented in the cell panel. However, only 30 specificities could be confirmed. Two specificities, A16 and A32, were upgraded from provisional, workshop (w) specificities to BoLA-A locus specificities and three new specificities, w51(w28), w52 and w53(w28), were defined. The 39 specificities distinguished 30 class I haplotypes in the 60 animals. Class I isoelectric focusing proved to be a useful adjunct to the serology. Isoelectric focusing confirmed several serologically defined splits and detected splits of A15(A8), A18(A6) and A22(w49) that had not been detected by serology. Subsequently, serological support for splits of A15(A8) and A22(w49) was found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1994.tb00197.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study on Factors Affecting R-Value of Cu Precipitation-Hardening Cold Rolled Steel Sheet (1994)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 157-162 (May 1994), p. 2005-2010 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/02/00/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FMSF.157-162.2005.pdf
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Periodicity in fish otolith Sr, Na, and K corresponds with visual banding (1991)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 47 (1991), S. 1193-1196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Fast atom bombardment (FAB) ; secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) ; fish otolith ; calcareous tissues, elemental analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Examination of a section of an otolith from a teleost fish by fast atom bombardment-secondary ion mass spectrometry (FAB-SIMS) revealed seasonal periodicity in Sr, Na, and K concentrations that corresponded with visually observed annual banding. Strontium maxima also corresponded with Na and K minima and vice versa. In addition there was a general, apparently age-related, trend in Sr levels, with concentrations at the edge of the otolith being higher than in the core.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01918383
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The occurrence and physiological functions of melatonin in the most primitive eumetazoans, the planarians (1993)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 623-626 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Melatonin ; circadian rhythm ; asexual reproduction ; planaria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Asexual planarians of the speciesDugesia dorotocephala exhibit a distinct circadian rhythm of fissoning (asexual reproduction) under the influence of normal photoperiod; fissioning occurs only at night. This rhythm is broken down by continuous illumination, continuous darkness or by decapitation. The fissioning rate increases when planarians are exposed to light for less than 1 hour/day or when they are decapitated. Fissioning of decapitated planarians is suppressed by continuous treatment with melatonin, whereas fissioning resumes when these are returned to normal culture water. Interestingly, fissioning occurs at night when decapitates are treated with melatonin in the daytime, while it is observed in the daytime with night-time melatonin treatment. Endogenous melatonin was detected by HPLC and RIA. The endogenous melatonin level is always higher in those heads collected in the scotophase than in those collected in the photophase. A type of neurosecretory cell, which may synthesize melatonin, is found in the assembly of photoreceptor cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01923942
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ethylene carbonate-based organic electrolytes for electric double layer capacitors (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 22 (1992), S. 901-908 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A new electrolytic solution based on a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate (EC) with sulfolane (SL) or γ-butyrolactone (γ-BL) has been examined as an electric double layer capacitor. Fundamental properties, such as electrolytic conductivity, viscosity, and thermal stability, were measured for solutions containing quaternary alkylammonium salts as the supporting electrolyte. Maximum conductivities were obtained for the solutions with mixed solvent of 20–40 mol % EC in the EC+γ-BL system: 1.2–1.3×10−2S cm−1 for EC+γ-BL dissolving 0.5 M Et4 NBF4 (Et=C2H5). The electrochemical and the thermal stabilities of the solution were dependent on the electrolytic salt as well as the solvent composition. A stable discharge capacitance and a high coulombic efficiency were obtained in a model capacitor using carbon fibre electrodes and the organic electrolyte of EC+γ-BL/Et4NBF4 (or EC+γ-BL/Et4NPF6).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01024137
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Muon capture in hyperfine states of muonic deuterium and induced pseudoscalar form factor (1992)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 56 (1992), S. S156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-6052
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Muon capture rates from the hyperfine states of the muonic deuterium were studied as the functions of the induced pseudoscalar form factorg P . These capture rates vary also with the πNΔ coupling constants through the meson exchange current effects. Variation is not large, but still appreciable to limit the magnitude ofg P . The ratio of the capture rates from two hyperfine states has a small variation, and it is more sensitive tog P than the muon capture rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02426791
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Presence and ontogeny of intestinal and pancreatic phospholipase A2-like proteins in the Red Sea bream,Pagrus major. An immunocytochemical study (1992)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 9 (1992), S. 427-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: phospholipase A2 ; digestive enzyme ; ontogeny ; red sea bream ; hepatopancreas ; intestine ; pyloric caeca ; immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have studied the location and the ontogeny of the digestive enzyme, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) immunohistochemically in the adult and larvae/juvenile of the red sea breamPagrus major by using an antiserum against theNaja naja venom PLA2. The antiserum reacts with at least one enzyme among the PLA2s purified from the fish hepatopancreas or intestine. Although the reactivities were comparatively low, it labelled zymogen granules of the pancreatic acinar cells and secretory materials of certain epithelial cells in the depths of epithelial crypts in the pyloric caeca of the adult. The immunoreactivities of PLA2s were investigated in the viscera of larvae and juveniles of the 0 to 85th day after hatch. In the larvae of the 13th day, accumulation of PLA2-positive zymogen granules in the pancreatic acinar cells were first recognized by the immunostaining. The intensity of the labelling subsequently became stronger and dramatically increased between the 20th and 30th day. This increase appeared to be one of the physiological changes associated with the transition to a new benthic life as juveniles. Lack of PLA2 in the pancreas before the 13th day may suggest the possibility that larvae utilized exogenous PLA2, inherent in their prey, to digest the phospholipids. On the other hand, no reactivity was found in the intestine until the 85th day.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02274224
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fatigue failure of poly(methyl methacrylate) in alcohol environments (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 28 (1993), S. 2347-2352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Fatigue tests of poly(methyl methacrylate) were conducted in environments of methanol, 1-butanol, and 1-octanol at room temperature under cyclic tensile loading at 10 Hz. The fatigue lifetime increased as the molar volume of the environmental alcohol increased, and indicated no correlation with the solubility parameter. The scanning electron micrographs of the fracture surfaces reveal that crazes strongly participate in the fatigue fracture, and suggest that a great increase in the fatigue lifetime in methanol brought about by pre-soaking the specimen in methanol for a period below 100 h, which has been previously reported, is caused by the combined effects both of the case II diffusion of methanol producing the softened matter and the internal compressive stress in the swollen surface layer and of a cooperative work of crazing, shear flow and/or shear cracking taking place under cyclic tensile loading.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01151664
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