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  • 1990-1994  (3)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 2-12 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Adipositas ; Appetitverhalten ; lankgettige Aminosäuren ; Serotonin ; Peptidhormone ; obesity ; appetite ; large neutral amino acids ; serotonin ; peptide hormones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This review focuses on neurotransmitter and neuropeptide actions on food ingestion, as well as on some of the mechanisms that may lead to the development and maintenance of obesity. In particular, the role of hypothalamic amines (catecholamines, serotonin) in appetite control is described. Thus, hypothalamic noradrenaline appears to stimulate food intake, while an enhanced brain serotonergic neurotransmission leads to a suppression of food ingestion, preferentially of carbohydrate intake. The involvement of brain serotonin neurons in appetite control is most attractive, since serotonin synthesis and release is readily affected by either precursor loading (i.e., l-tryptophan) or pharmacological manipulation (e.g., drugs such as fenfluramine or fluoxitene). Recent data now suggest that at least a subgroup of obese patients is characterized by a disturbed serotonergic neurotransmission, thus exhibiting behaviors such as carbohydrate craving. Among neuropeptides involved in appetite control, the most attractive candidate appears to be corticotropin-releasing hormone which is released by neurons of the paraventricular nucleus and produces a stress-like activation of the organism, and has a strong appetite-suppressant effect.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ziel dieser Ausführungen soll es sein, die Komplexität zentralnervöser Mechanismen bei der Appetitkontrolle zu skizzieren und damit zu verdeutlichen, daß es hier sicher nicht einen solitären Ansatz zur Erklärung der Nahrungswahl und -aufnahme gibt und damit auch nicht für die Erklärung von Eßstörungen. Die beschriebenen Neurotransmitter und Neurohormone sind eher im Sinne von Neuromodulatoren beteiligt an der Regulation des Eßverhaltens; da sie miteinander interagieren, kann man sich ähnlich wie bei anderen physiologischen hierarchischen Systemen (z. B. der Blutgerinnung) hier auch eine Kaskade von neuroendokrinen Veränderungen vorstellen. Von größter Bedeutung ist, daß weder das gastrointestinale noch das zentralnervöse System hier autonome Steuerorgane sind, sondern sich gegenseitig beeinflussen. Einen sicheren Ansatzpunkt aus diesen Erkenntnissen heraus für z.B. die Behandlung der Adipositas haben wir zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt nicht, vielversprechend ist ohne Frage die mögliche Beeinflussung des serotoninergen Systems, hier sind aber noch weitere Grundlagenuntersuchungen (insbesondere zur Frage der Nahrungsselektion) dringend notwendig. Letztlich können wir das Eßverhalten natürlich nicht auf eine neuroendokrine Ebene reduzieren und es von Umweltereignissen und intrapsychischen Vorgängen und Wahrnehmungen (Hunger, Geschmackswahrnehmung, erlerntes Eßverhalten) trennen. Nahrungswahl und -aufnahme ist ohne Frage eine biopsychologische Verhaltensweise, so daß die geschilderten neurobiologischen Mechanismen nicht nur Ursache, sondern auch Folge sein können.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1990-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0044-264X
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-1293
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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  • 3
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: In every-day listening the auditory event perceived by a listener is determined not only by the sound signal that a sound emits but also by a variety of environmental parameters. These parameters are the position, orientation and directional characteristics of the sound source, the listener's position and orientation, the geometrical and acoustical properties of surfaces which affect the sound field and the sound propagation properties of the surrounding fluid. A complete set of these parameters can be called an Acoustic Environment. If the auditory event perceived by a listener is manipulated in such a way that the listener is shifted acoustically into a different acoustic environment without moving himself physically, a Virtual Acoustic Environment has been created. Here, we deal with a special technique to set up nearly arbitrary Virtual Acoustic Environments, the Binaural Room Simulation. The purpose of the Binaural Room Simulation is to compute the binaural impulse response related to a virtual acoustic environment taking into account all parameters mentioned above. One possible way to describe a Virtual Acoustic Environment is the concept of the virtual sound sources. Each of the virtual sources emits a certain signal which is correlated but not necessarily identical with the signal emitted by the direct sound source. If source and receiver are non moving, the acoustic environment becomes a linear time-invariant system. Then, the Binaural Impulse Response from the source to a listener' s eardrums contains all relevant auditory information related to the Virtual Acoustic Environment. Listening into the simulated environment can easily be achieved by convolving the Binaural Impulse Response with dry signals and representing the results via headphones.
    Keywords: ACOUSTICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, Human Machine Interfaces for Teleoperators and Virtual Environments; p 132-133
    Format: application/pdf
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