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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Remote sensing of biosphere functioning (1990)
    New York [u.a.] : Springer
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    Call number: 7/O 7175(79)
    In: Ecological studies
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: xi, 312 S. : Ill.
    ISBN: 0387970983
    Series Statement: Ecological studies 79
    Language: English
    Location: Reading room
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diel vertical migration and timing of metamorphosis of larvae of the Dungeness crab Cancer magister (1992)
    Springer
    Marine biology 112 (1992), S. 417-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Joint USA/USSR ichthyoplankton surveys off the coasts of Washington, Oregon and northern California during the years 1981 to 1985 sampled more than 120 stations each year, from 5 to 360 km offshore and between Latitude 40° and 48° N, providing information on ontogeny and diel migration of larvae of the Dungeness crab Cancer magister on a scale not studied previously. We developed a maximum likelihood method for estimating abundance and fraction in the neuston at each station from a neuston tow and an oblique bongo tow. Latestage megalopae migrate vertically on a diel basis, with the fraction in the neuston being (on average) 62% at night (19.00 to 08.00 hrs Pacific Standard Time, PST) and 8% during the day (08.00 to 19.00 hrs PST). The hourly pattern of this migration includes a peak in the early evening, possibly another in the early morning, and an intermediate level in the late afternoon. We detected no dependence of vertical migration on cloud cover or sea state. Early-stage megalopae were present in much lower fractions in the neuston, but weakly displayed the same diel pattern of migration. Zoeae appeared to be below the neuston at all times, except for 2 or 3 h in the evening. From an abrupt change in larval stage in samples from a north-south cruise, we concluded that the majority of the larvae metamorphose from zoeae to megalopae over a fairly short time span (2 to 4 wk) at a given latitude. In later cruises, 95% of the larvae were megalopae, indicating that metamorphosis over the study area either occurs at the same time or proceeds from south to north over a time span of less than a month in early spring.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00356287
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Complex structure along a Mesozoic sea-floor spreading ridge: BIRPS deep seismic reflection, Cape Verde abyssal plain (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 119 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: As part of an intensive study of a small area of oceanic lithosphere, the British Institutions Reflection Profiling Syndicate (BIRPS) acquired closely spaced deepseismic-reflection profiles over the Early Cretaceous crust of the Cape Verde abyssal plain off West Africa. The survey consisted of profiles spaced at 4 km arranged into strike lines parallel to the old sea-floor spreading axis (‘isochron’ profiles) and orthogonal dip lines oriented in the original direction of spreading (‘flow’ profiles). A large-capacity, well-tuned airgun source and very quiet shooting conditions ensured a high signal-to-noise ratio for deep reflection. Devising a strategy for mitigating contamination from ‘wrap-around’ multiples arriving from previous shots enabled us to use the minimum possible shot-point interval (50 m) allowed for collecting long (18 s) records. Data processing was oriented towards a medium with low root-mean-square velocity, steeply dipping structure, and pervasive low apparent velocity noise from diffraction at the top of the igneous crust. The contrast between the isochron and flow profiles is striking. Isochron profiles are typically highly reflective throughout the igneous crust, consisting of bright, bidirectionally dipping reflection sets that extend in places from the top of the igneous basement down to the interpreted Moho reflection. These reflections do not offset intracrustal or top-basement structure and thus are not interpreted as faults: an igneous intrusive origin seems more likely. Flow profiles are more sparsely reflective but show individual steeply dipping reflections best developed in the upper igneous crust, continuing down in places to the Moho. Dipping reflections on the flow profiles are interpreted as major normal faults since they are clearly associated with offsets of the top of the basement as well as truncation of horizontal reflections within the igneous crust. The dominant dip of these reflections is to the west towards the spreading ridge axis. Reflections from the vicinity of the Moho, while well developed in some places, are not particularly prominent across the survey area. Moho reflections appear to show a different structural relation to crustal features on the isochron and flow profiles: on isochron profiles, dipping reflections occasionally flatten out into, and may merge with, the Moho reflection; on flow profiles, as dipping crustal reflections approach the Moho reflection, they are usually abruptly cut off by it without extending deeper. This survey shows how oceanic crustal structure can vary rapidly over relatively small areas, provides convincing evidence that a structurally complex fabric dominates oceanic igneous crust, and gives a conclusive observation of faults that penetrate the entire oceanic crust.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1994.tb00134.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stochastic characterization and seismic response of upper and middle crustal rocks based on the Lewisian gneiss complex, Scotland (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 119 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: We have developed statistical models of upper and middle crustal seismic velocity heterogeneity based on geologic maps and petrophysical data from the Lewisian gneiss complex, Scotland. the level of heterogeneity we have measured is relevant to seismic exploration of the crystalline crust using conventional reflection and refraction techniques. We digitized two 1:10560 geologic maps of Laxfordian (Archean) age Lewisian rocks on a 26.8m grid. Both maps are believed to be representative of the upper and middle crust in north-western Scotland, and both are believed to provide cross-sectional views of parts of the crust. the digital maps were characterized by the statistics of their lithologic populations and by their 2-D spatial autocorrelation functions. Different lithologies were assigned seismic velocities appropriate for the mid-crust using petrophysical data. Three lithologies are dominant: silicic gneisses (Vp∼6.2 km s−1), mafic amphibolites (Vp— 6.75 kms−1), and intermediate composition schists (Vp—6.5kms−1). Both maps have self-affine spatial fabrics.The first map covers the core of a syncline. Its autocorrelation function defines a medium with a fractal dimension of 2.78, a horizontal characteristic length of about 244m and a vertical correlation of about 133m (aspect ratio is 2:1). It has an essentially trimodal velocity (lithology) population consisting of 37 per cent silicicgneiss, 43 per cent mafic amphibolites, and 20 per cent schists. This map is representative of 30-40 per cent of Laxfordian rocks. the second map is a plan view which can be rotated 90° about an axis perpendicular to strike to give a cross-section. This map is characterized by a fractal dimension of 2.55, with a horizontal correlation length of about 111m and a vertical correlation of about 38m (aspect ratio 3:1). It has a nearly bimodal population consisting of 77 per cent silicic gneisses and 22 per cent mafic amphibotites. It is representative of 60-70 per cent of Laxfordian rocks.Lastly we examine the seismic response of an upper to middle crust based on our statistical models using acoustic and elastic 2-D finite-difference synthetic seismograms. Short-offset shot records demonstrate that a Lewisian upper crust produces scattered waves which significantly disrupt signals reflecting from deeper levels. Measurements of transmission scattering Q, and coda decay rates confirm that seismic scattering in Lewisian-type crust is strong. the migrated CMP response of a Lewisian crustal model shows the characteristic ‘salt and pepper’ pattern often observed in the upper crust, and described, incorrectly, as ‘transparent'. We suggest that ‘translucent’ is a more appropriate descriptor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1994.tb00925.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lower crustal reflectivity from waveform inversion (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 115 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Deep seismic reflection profiles show that the lower part of the continental crust often contains many strong subhorizontal reflections. Based on forward modelling, these reflections are interpreted as a sequence of alternating high- and low-velocity layers. A waveform inversion provides an optimum model by minimizing the misfit between observed data and synthetic seismograms. However, it is very difficult to invert for the whole data set, partly because of the large computation time needed in modelling and partly because the high amplitude reflected energy in the upper crust dominates the misfit function.To overcome these difficulties we propose a three-step strategy for inverting the deeper part of seismic reflection data over a narrow aperture in which the velocity structure can be assumed to be 1-D. First, both source wavelet and recorded wavefield are propagated in the plane-wave domain downwards to a particular depth for a given 1-D medium. Because the source-receiver distances are short for deep reflections it is assumed that these reflections are at normal incidence. It is also assumed that the near-surface velocity is known or has been estimated using other inversion schemes. The downward propagation algorithm takes account of nearsurface effects, such as multiple reflections and attenuation. Second, starting from a known background-velocity model, a non-linear iterative waveform inversion is applied to the propagated data set. The method is based on minimizing the difference, sample by sample, between observed and calculated wavefields in a least-squares sense. The forward modelling, which consists of calculating the data from the model, uses a reflectivity method to compute the synthetic seismogram in the plane-wave domain. The model perturbation is calculated with the help of the conjugate gradients method. The non-linear inversion gives the short wavelengths of impedance contrast, which is a function of density and velocity, in the lower crust.Third, an interpretational step is tried in order to recover the medium wavelengths of velocity. The algorithm is tested on synthetic data and then applied to a part of the WAM data set, south-west of England. A good fit to the real data with the optimum model predicts that the velocity contrast of the layers in the lower crust varies from 0.2 km s-1 to 0.5 km s-1 and the thickness from at least 0.075 km to 1 km.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1993.tb01195.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contribution of the Western Australian wheatbelt termite,Drepanotermes tamminensis (Hill), to the soil nutrient budget (1994)
    Springer
    Ecological research 9 (1994), S. 351-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: Drepanotermes tamminensis ; isoptera ; soil nutrients ; termite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The role of soil modification by the mound-building termite,Drepanotermes tamminensis (Hill), was studied during 1991 in the Durokoppin Nature Reserve, Western Australia. Soil chemical parameters were quantified for ‘soils’ in nests and for surrounding soil in both a Wandoo (Eucalyptus capillosa) woodland and a Casuarina (Allocasuarina campestris) shrubland plot. All ‘soils’ in nests were more acidic than the surrounding soil within each study plot. Generally, nutrient levels in the nested soils were higher than the un-nested soil within each study plot and were also higher in the woodland than in the shrubland plot. Depending on the nuttient concerned, the nested soil contained between 0.3 and 21.9% of the total nutrient load per hectare within each study plot. The quantities of nutrients per hectare in termite mounds were higher in the woodland than in the shrubland plot. It is concluded that mounds of this species of termite form a significant bank of nutrients, although time for release of such nutrients depends on the degree of erosion and on the longevity of mounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02348422
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of vegetation and soil types on the wheatbelt termite,Drepanotermes tamminensis (Hill), in the Western Australian wheatbelt (1994)
    Springer
    Ecological research 9 (1994), S. 151-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: Drepanotermes tamminensis ; habitat ; Isoptera ; soil type ; termite ; vegetation type
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A survey of the distribution and density of mounds of the harvester termite,Drepanotermes tamminensis (Hill), was carried out in the Durokoppin Nature Reserve, Western Australia in 1990. Vegetation and, to a lesser extent, soil type, appear to be important factors in determining density and distribution of termite mounds within the Reserve. A more detailed study of mounds in Wandoo (Eucalyptus capillosa) woodland and Casuarina (Allocasuarina campestris) shrubland indicated that the total number and size of mounds were significantly higher in the woodland than in the shrubland. The total wet weight biomass ofD. tamminensis was calculated as 3.74 gm−2 (37.4 kg ha−1) in the woodland and 1.69 gm−2 (16.9 kg ha−1) in the shrubland. Thus, of the two favored habitats, Wandoo woodland appears to be more optimal for this termite species than the Casuarina shrubland.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02347490
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Harvesting rate of the termite,Drepanotermes tamminensis (Hill) within native woodland and shrubland of the Western Australian wheatbelt (1993)
    Springer
    Ecological research 8 (1993), S. 269-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: Drepanotermes tamminensis ; harvesting rate ; Isoptera ; termite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Western Australian termite,Drepanotermes tamminensis (Hill), harvests various plant materials according to biomass availability. The main litter components harvested by this termite in a woodland dominated byEucalyptus capillosa are bark and leaves of the major tree species, while in shrubland dominated byAllocasuarina campestris, shoots of this species are taken. Harvesting mainly occurs during the autumn (April–May) and spring (September–October) seasons. The commencement and duration of harvesting appears to depend partly on weather conditions, with harvesting taking place at temperatures between 15 and 25°C after periods of rain. This species of termite harvests approximately 15.6 g m−2 year−1 and 3.2 g m2 year−1 (dry weight of plant material) in the woodland and shrubland, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02347186
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  • 9
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    Contribution of the Western Australian wheatbelt termite, Drepanotermes tamminensis (Hill), to the soil nutrient budget (1994)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0912-3814
    Electronic ISSN: 1440-1703
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
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    Harvesting rate of the termite, Drepanotermes tamminensis (Hill) within native woodland and shrubland of the Western Australian wheatbelt (1993)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0912-3814
    Electronic ISSN: 1440-1703
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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