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  • Articles  (127)
  • 1990-1994  (127)
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Year
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 93 (1990), S. 4796-4803 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The proton spin–lattice relaxation rate has been investigated as a function of pressure (p≤250 MPa), temperature (180 K≤T≤300 K), and oxygen-17 enrichment (25.7 atom-%, 50.7 atom-%) in metastable water. Intramolecular proton–oxygen 17 dipolar interactions in light water in relation to deuterium electric quadrupole interactions in heavy water carry similar dynamic information and allow the complicated dynamic isotope effect in liquid water to be investigated in the whole metastable range. Under hydrostatic pressure the proton relaxation rate curve R1 (T, p, ωH) has been investigated at five different Larmor frequencies (100 MHz≤ω≤500 MHz). These experiments unequivocally prove the isotropy of reorientational motions of water molecules on a nanosecond time scale and demonstrate the necessity to include fast quasilattice vibrations into a consistent interpretation of the relaxation rates in the dispersion regime.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Boron carbide thin films of several B/C ratios have been deposited on Si(111) using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition from nido-pentaborane(9) (B5H9) and methane (CH4). X-ray diffraction studies of boron carbide thin films on Si(111) exhibited characteristic microcrystalline diffraction lines. Soft x-ray emission spectroscopy was used to verify that the local electronic structure and composition of each sample corresponded to a homogeneous solid solution boron carbide phase.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 69 (1991), S. 7800-7804 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The Si L2,3 emission spectra of silicon crystals implanted with Co at doses of (1–8) × 1017 Co/cm2 have been examined using soft-x-ray-emission (SXE) spectroscopy. At the lowest dose, the spectra are little modified from that of crystalline Si, indicating that only a small fraction of Si is in the form of silicides within the probe depth of SXE spectroscopy. For higher doses and implant profiles with Co extending to the surface, there is clear evidence for ordered CoSi2 combined with richer Co phases, but little evidence for pure Si or for ordered regions of CoSi.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Ohmic plasma size scans have been carried out in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) [Fusion Technol. 21, 1324 (1992)] to measure the influence of the major radius upon energy confinement. The major radius, minor radius, and aspect ratio were varied over wide ranges (R=2.08–3.2 m, a=0.4–0.9 m, and R/a=2.9–8.0) at constant qc. The energy confinement determined from kinetic diagnostics varies strongly with major radius. The data set is less well suited to determine minor radius scaling, but it appears to be distinctly weaker than the major radius scaling. The anomaly in ion thermal conductivity over neoclassical predictions appears to decline with increasing aspect ratio, which is a better ordering parameter for the magnitude of the anomaly than either the minor radius or the major radius. © 1994 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Recent operation of the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) [Plasma Phys. Controlled Nucl. Fusion Research 1, 51 (1986)] has produced plasma equilibria with values of Λ≡βp eq+li/2 as large as 7, εβp dia≡2μ0ε〈p⊥〉/〈〈Bp〉〉2 as large as 1.6, and Troyon normalized diamagnetic beta [Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 26, 209 (1984); Phys. Lett. 110A, 29 (1985)], βNdia≡108〈βt⊥〉aB0/Ip as large as 4.7. When εβp dia(approximately-greater-than)1.25, a separatrix entered the vacuum chamber, producing a naturally diverted discharge that was sustained for many energy confinement times, τE. The largest values of εβp and plasma stored energy were obtained when the plasma current was ramped down prior to neutral beam injection. The measured peak ion and electron temperatures were as large as 24 and 8.5 keV, respectively. Plasma stored energy in excess of 2.5 MJ and τE greater than 130 msec were obtained. Confinement times of greater than 3 times that expected from L-mode predictions have been achieved. The fusion power gain QDD reached a value of 1.3×10−3 in a discharge with Ip=1 MA and εβp dia=0.85. A large, sustained negative loop voltage during the steady-state portion of the discharge indicates that a substantial noninductive component of Ip exists in these plasmas. Transport code analysis indicates that the bootstrap current constitutes up to 65% of Ip. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) ballooning stability analysis shows that, while these plasmas are near, or at the βp limit, the pressure gradient in the plasma core is in the first region of stability to high-n modes.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes (TAE) were excited by the energetic neutral beam ions tangentially injected into plasmas at low magnetic field in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) [Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion Research (IAEA, Vienna, 1987), Vol. 1, p. 51]. The injection velocities were comparable to the Alfvén speed. The modes were identified by measurements from Mirnov coils and beam emission spectroscopy (BES). TAE modes appear in bursts whose repetition rate increases with beam power. The neutron emission rate exhibits sawtoothlike behavior and the crashes always coincide with TAE bursts. This indicates ejection of fast ions from the plasma until these modes are stabilized. The dynamics of growth and stabilization were investigated at various plasma currents and magnetic fields. The results indicate that the instability can effectively clamp the number of energetic ions in the plasmas. The observed instability threshold is discussed in light of recent theories. In addition to these TAE modes, intermittent oscillations at three times the fundamental TAE frequency were observed by Mirnov coils, but no corresponding signal was found in BES. It appears that these high-frequency oscillations do not have a direct effect on the plasma neutron source strength.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A variety of experiments have been performed on the TFTR tokamak [Wilson et al., Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research 1988 (IAEA, Vienna, 1989), Vol. 1, p. 691] utilizing ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF) heating. Of special interest has been the insight into plasma performance gained by utilizing a different heating scheme other than the usual neutral beam injection (NBI). Utilizing ICRF heating allows control over the power deposition profile independent of the plasma fueling profile. In addition, by varying the minority concentration the power split between ion and electron heating can be varied. Confinement has been examined in high recycling gas fueled discharges, low recycling supershot plasmas, and peaked density pellet fueled discharges. Global confinement is found not to be affected by the method or localization of plasma heating, but the calculated local diffusivities vary with the power deposition profile to yield similar global values. In addition, sawtooth stabilization observed with ICRF heating has been investigated and found to occur in qualitative agreement with theory. ICRF sawtooth stabilized discharges exhibit peaked temperature and density profiles and have a safety factor q that appears to fall well below unity on axis.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 63 (1993), S. 406-408 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Magnetization measurements of the hysteresis loop, M(B), of melt-textured Y1Ba2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) crystallites were performed in external magnetic fields up to 10 T. The M(B) curves exhibit, between the superconducting transition temperature Tc and almost 39 K, a peak at a finite field B* which increases with decreasing temperature. The crystallites possess a high density of dislocations which could have been introduced during the high temperature treatment and/or by stresses created due to differences in the lattice parameter of small inclusions and the YBCO matrix. The large dislocation density together with the high sensitivity of the superconducting order parameter on deviations from the regular crystal structure and the small coherence length are suggested to be responsible for the observed fishtail shape of the magnetization curves.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Petrographie und Geochemie tertiärer Lamprophyre und genetisch verwandter Ganggesteine aus der zentralalpinen Kreuzeckgruppe, nördlich des Periadriatischen Lineamentes, in Kärnten, Österreich. Die Ganggesteine durchschlagen die altpaläozoischen Metapelite, Grünsteine und Amphibolite des Altkristallins diskordant und stehen in räumlichem Zusammenhang mit Sb, W, Hg und Cu-Ag-Au Lagerstätten, die bereits seit dem Mittelalter abgebaut wurden. Die meisten Lamprophyre zeigen primitiven Charakter (Mg-Zahlen 〉60 und Cr 〉 200 ppm) und besitzen hohe Gehalte an LILE (K, Rb, Sr und Ba). Geochemisch lassen sich fünf verschiedeneGruppen mit kalkalkalisch/shoshonitischem bis alkalischem Charakter unterscheiden: Gruppe 1, Amphibol-führende shoshonitische Lamprophyre (0.5–1.0 Gew% TiO2, Zr 〈 150 ppm, Nb 〈 13 ppm, Ba/Rb 〈 10);Gruppe 2, Glimmer-führende shoshonitische Lamprophyre (1–1.5 Gew% TiO2, Zr ∼ 180 ppm, Nb 〈 17 ppm, Ba/Rb 〉 20); Gruppe 3, alkalische Lamprophyre (1.5–2.1 Gew% TiO2, Zr 〉 250 ppm, Nb 〉 30ppm, Ba/Rb 10–25); Gruppe 4, alkalische Lamprophyre mit geringen MgO-Anteil (∼ 2.5 Gew% TiO2, Mg-Zahl 〈 57, Nb ∼ 20 ppm, Ba/Rb ∼ 20); Gruppe 5, kalkalkalisch basaltische Ganggesteine (∼ 2.2 Gew% TiO2, Mg-Zahl 〈 55, Nb 〈 10 ppm, Ba/Rb 〈 10). Die Lamprophyre der Gruppen 2, 3 und 4 zeigen nordöstliches Streichen und oligozänes Intrusionsalter (K-Ar Alter 27–32 Ma), während die Ganggesteine der Gruppen 1 und 5 überwiegend östliches Streichen und UnterOligozänes Intrusionsalter (K-Ar Alter 36 Ma) aufweisen. Die Intrusionen erfolgten während einer tektonischen Dilatationsphaseim Oligozän nach der Kontinent-Kontinent Kollision zwischen derAfrikanischen und der Eurasischen Platte im unteren Eozän. Ganggesteine der Gruppen 1, 2 und 5 besitzen typisch kalkalkalischen Charakter und stellen vermutlich Produktevon aufgeschmolzener, subduzierter Lithosphäre dar. Die Geochemie der alkalischen Lamprophyre derGruppen 3 und 4 (e.g. Ba/Nb ∼ 30–70) deutet auf ihre genetische Zwischenstellung zwischen subduction-related und within-plate regime. Zwischen den tertiären Gangintrusionen und den vermutlich paläozoischen Vererzungen der Kreuzeckgruppe besteht kein genetischer Zusammenhang. Die Alteration der Ganggesteine durch postmagmatische Lösungen hat jedoch zur Bildung von sekundären Mineralen und teilweise zu überdurchschnittlich erhöhten Au und PGE Gehalten von bis zu 35 ppb geführt.
    Notes: Summary Amphibole and mica lamprophyres and related dykes of Tertiary age from the Kreuzeck Mountains, Central Alps, Austria, have been investigated petrographically and geochemically. They intrude a sequence of early Palaeozoic metapelites, greenstones and amphibolites to the north of the Cretaceous Periadriatic Lineament, a major suture zone of 700 km E-W extent. The dykes are spatially associated with Sb, W, Hg, and Cu-Ag-Au deposits. Most lamprophyres are characterized by primitive chemistry (mg-numbers 〉 60 and Cr 〉 200 ppm) and have high contents of LIL elements (K, Rb, Sr and Ba). Geochemically, five different subgroups of calcalkaline/shoshonitic to alkaline affinity can be distinguished. These are: Group 1, amphibole-bearing shoshonitic lamprophyres (0.5–1.0 wt% Ti02, Zr 〈 150 ppm, Nb 〈 13 ppm, Ba/Rb 〈 10); Group 2, mica-bearing shoshonitic lamprophyres (1–1.5 wt% TiO2, Zr ∼ 180 ppm, Nb 〈 17 ppm, Ba/Rb 〉 20); Group 3, alkaline lamprophyres (1.5–2.1 wt% TiO2, Zr 〉 250 ppm, Nb 〉 30 ppm, Ba/Rb 10–25); Group 4, low-MgO alkaline lamprophyres (∼ 2.5 wt% TiO2, mg-number 〈 57, Nb ∼ 20 ppm, Ba/Rb ∼ 20); Group 5, calc-alkaline basaltic dykes (∼ 2.2 wt% TiO2, mg-number 〈55, Nb 〈 10 ppm, Ba/Rb 〈 10). Group 2,3 and 4 dykes have NE-SW orientations and are of Oligocene age (K-Ar age 27–32 Ma); Group 1 and 5 dykes are of Lower Oligocene age (K-Ar age 36 Ma) but have mostly E-W orientations. The Kreuzeck lamprophyres were generated in post-collisional magmatic events, which were probably linked to extensional tectonics following oblique continent-continent collision between the African and Eurasian Plates during the Eocene. Group 1, 2 and 5 dyke rocks have typical calc-alkaline geochemical signatures indicating that they represent partial melting products of subduction-modified lithosphere. Group 3 and 4 alkaline lamprophyres have geochemical features transitional between calc-alkaline and within-plate alkaline igneous rocks (e.g. Ba/Nb ∼ 30–70) indicating that their mantle source-region includes both subduction-modified lithospheric and OIB-type asthenospheric components. There is no apparent relationship between mineralization in the Kreuzeck region, thought to be of Ordovician-Devonian age, and much later lamprophyre intrusion. Alteration of the dykes by late-magmatic fluids has resulted in the formation of secondary minerals, and has occasionally led to increased Au and PGE values in the 10–35 ppb range particularly in close proximity to Cu-Ag-Au deposits.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Potassische Vulkanite (PV), beispielsweise Shoshonite, bilden einen wichtigen Bestandteil von jungen vulkanischen Gesteinsserien aus fünf verschiedenen plattentektonischen Milieus: Aktive Kontinentalränder (z.B. die Anden); Post-Kollisionszonen (z.B. die Alpen); aktive ozeanische Plattengrenzen, weiter unterteilbar in frühgenetische (z.B. der Marianen Inselbogen) und spätgenetische (z.B. der Sunda Inselbogen); und Intra-Platten Intrusionen (z.B. Teile der nordamerikanischen Cordillera). In einigen dieser tektonischen Milieus findet man die potassischen Vulkanite (PV) in engem räumlichen Zusammenhang mit bedeutenden Gold- und Buntmetall-Lagerstätten. Die Möglichkeit, auch PV von unterschiedlichen proterozoischen oder archaischen tektonischen Milieus zu unterscheiden, mag deshalb nicht nur zum besseren genetischen Verständnis dieser Gesteine im akademischen Sinne beitragen, sondern auch zur Verbesserung der ökonomischen Evaluierung des metallischen Rohstoffpotentials alter Terrains. Spidergrams und konventionelle Diskriminierungs-Diagramme, die für `normale' Basalte entwickelt wurden, erscheinen ungeeignet zur geochemischen Diskriminierung zwischen PV. Diese Arbeit stellt deshalb neu entwickelte Diagramme vor, die auf den ‘immobilen’ Elementen Al, Ti, P, Y, Zr, Nb, La, Ce und Hf beruhen. Die Grundlage der neuen Diagramme bildet eine eigens erstellte Datenbank mit 497 PV Analysen von jungen (Känozoischen) tectonic settings weltweit, die aufgrund ihrer unfraktionierten, ‘primitiven’ Gesteinschemie aus einer ursprünglichen Datenbank mit 2222 PV Analysen aus allen Erdteilen und -zeitaltern herausgefiltert wurden. Einige Diagramme wurden mit Hilfe der `multigroup linear discriminant analysis' entwickelt und erlauben die Diskriminierung mit Hilfe der Elemente Ti, P, Y, Zr und Nb. Andere Diagramme wurden empirisch ermittelt und beruhen auf den seltener analysierten Elementen Hf, La und Ce. Die Anwendung der Diagramme auf unbekannte Proben sollte hierarchisch erfolgen, um die Diskriminierung der unterschiedlichen tektonischen Milieus schrittweise durchzuführen. Intra-Platten Intrusionen besitzen die höchsten Zr/AI bzw. Ti/Al Verhältnisse und die höchsten Konzentrationen an LILE, LREE and HFSE, aktive Kontinentalränder und Post-Kollisionszonen weisen intermediäre Konzentrationen dieser Elemente auf und aktive ozeanische Plattengrenzen besitzen die geringsten Konzentrationen dieser Elemente. Aktive Kontinentalränder unterscheiden sich von Post-Kollisionszonen aufgrund ihrer niedrigeren Zr/Ce und Ti/Nb und höheren Ce/P Verhältnisse. PV von spätgenetischen ozeanischen Plattengrenzen unterscheiden sich von denfrühgenetischen durch höhere Hf, La und P Konzentrationen. Die beobachteten chemischen Unterschiede lassen sich entweder durch petrogenetische Prozesse oder durch Mantelinhomogenitäten erklären.
    Notes: Summary Potassic volcanic rocks (PVRs), such as shoshonites, are an important constituent of young volcanic suites in five main tectonic settings:Continental arcs (e.g. Andes);Post-collisional arcs (e.g. Alps);Oceanic arcs, subdivisible into initial (e.g. Marianas) andlate (e.g. Sunda Arc);and Within-Plate (e.g. inland N. American Cordillera). Since some PVRs are associated with world-class gold and base metal deposits, and can be important in tectonic reconstruction of ancient terranes, new diagrams based on immobile elements (Al, Ti, P, Y, Zr, Nb, La, Ce, Hf) are presented for discriminating the tectonic setting of PVRs from their geochemistry; spidergrams and previously published discrimination diagrams based on `normal' basalts proved unsuitable. Diagrams were derived, in part via multigroup linear discriminant analysis, using a database of fresh, primitive, Cenozoic PVRs (497 analyses), itself carefully screened from a newly erected database of 2,222 PVRs of all ages and compositions. To maximise discrimination, the diagrams are hierarchical: the first applies to all five settings and removes the most distinctive group (Within-Plate), while the remainder target more subtle distinctions. Overall, concentrations of most LILE, LREE and HFSE, and ratios such as Zr/Al and Ti/Al, tend to be highest in Within-Plate PVRs, intermediate in Continental and Postcollisional Are PVRs, and lowest in Oceanic Arc PVRs. In detail, Postcollisional are distinguished from Continental Arc PVRs by higher Ce/P, and lower Zr/Ce, Ti/Nb ratios of the latter; late from initial Oceanic arc PVRs by higher Hf, La and P of the former. These geochemical differences have a firm theoretical foundation in petrogenetic processes during magma emplacement and/or in source heterogeneities related to subduction or mantle metasomatism.
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