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  • 1
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    Advanced Solid-State Array Spectrometer (ASAS) data sets from the 1990 field season: A unique look at two forested ecosystems (1991)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The Advanced Solid-state Array Spectrometer (ASAS) is a pointable imaging spectrometer which uses a solid-state array to acquire imagery of terrestrial targets in 29 spectral bands from .4 to .8 microns. Performance and calibration of the instrument are described. The ASAS data sets obtained in 1990 provide a unique look at forest canopies from two different forest regions of the North America continent under varying temporal, spectral, and bidirectional conditions. These data sets will be used to study such parameters as the albedo of forest canopies, the dynamics of scene radiation due to factors such as canopy architecture, moisture stress, leaf chemistry, topography, and understory composition.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA, Washington, 4th Airborne Geoscience Workshop; p 287-288
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
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    Initial observations on using SAR to monitor wildfire scars in boreal forests (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Initial observations on the effects of wildfires in black spruce forests on radar backscatter are presented. Airborne and spaceborne SAR imagery are utilized to illustrate two distinct fire signatures. A theory is presented to explain these differences.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 13; 18; p. 3495-3501.
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  • 3
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    Applications of interferometrically derived terrain slopes: Normalization of SAR backscatter and the interferometric correlation coefficient (1994)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Terrain slopes, which can be measured with Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometry either from a height map or from the interferometric phase gradient, were used to calculate the local incidence angle and the correct pixel area. Both are required for correct thematic interpretation of SAR data. The interferometric correlation depends on the pixel area projected on a plane perpendicular to the look vector and requires correction for slope effects. Methods for normalization of the backscatter and interferometric correlation for ERS-1 SAR are presented.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA, Proceedings of 2nd ERS-1 Symposium on Space at the Service of Our Environment, Volume 2; p 723-726
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  • 4
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    Seasonal LAI in slash pine estimated with Landsat TM (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The leaf area index (LAI, total area of leaves per unit area of ground) of most forest canopies varies throughout the year, yet for logistical reasons it is difficult to estimate anything more detailed than a seasonal maximum LAI. To determine if remotely sensed data can be used to estimate LAI seasonally, field measurements of LAI were compared to normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values derived using Lnandsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data, for 16 fertilized and control slash pine plots on 3 dates. Linear relationships existed between NDVI and LAI with R (sup 2) values of 0.35, 0.75, and 0.86 for February 1988, September 1988, and March, 1989, respectively. This is the first reported study in which NDVI is related to forest LAI recorded during the month of sensor overpass. Predictive relationships based on data from eight of the plots were used to estimate the LAI of the other eight plots with a root-mean-square error of 0.74 LAI, which is 15.6 percent of the mean LAI. This demonstrates the potential use of Landsat TM data for studying seasonal dynamics in forest canopies.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 39; 3-13
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  • 5
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    Estimating high mosquito-producing rice fields using spectral and spatial data (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The cultivation of irrigated rice provides ideal larval habitat for a number of anopheline vectors of malaria throughout the world. Anopheles freeborni, a potential vector of human malaria, is associated with the nearly 240,000 hectares of irrigated rice grown annually in Northern and Central California; therefore, this species can serve as a model for the study of rice field anopheline population dynamics. Analysis of field data revealed that rice fields with early season canopy development, that are located near bloodmeal sources (i.e., pastures with livestock) were more likely to produce anopheline larvae than fields with less developed canopies located further from pastures. Remote sensing reflectance measurements of early-season canopy development and geographic information system (GIS) measurements of distanes between rice fields and pastures with livestock were combined to distinguish between high and low mosquito-producing rice fields. Using spectral and distance measures in either a discriminant or Bayesian analysis, the identification of high mosquito-producing fields was made with 85 percent accuracy nearly two months before anopheline larval populations peaked. Since omission errors were also minimized by these approaches, they could provide a new basis for directing abatement techniques for the control of malaria vectors.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 13; 15; p. 2813-2826.
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  • 6
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    Automated measurement of polarized bidirectional reflectance (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: An Automated Bidirectional Reflection Acquisition Measurement System (ABRAMS) has been constructed to facilitate measurement of bidirectional reflectance from soil and vegetative samples in the laboratory. The system illuminates a sample with linearly-polarized laser light, lambda = 632.8 nm, and measures the like- and cross-polarized scattered intensities over half a hemisphere. System design and polarized bidirectional reflectance measurements from a soil sample and SiO2 spherical particles are discussed in this work. It is shown that polarization information in the plane of incidence is useful for identifying certain scattering mechanisms associated with soil reflectance. This is because the like-polarized intensity, Ivv, is influenced by single-scattered light and the cross-polarized intensity, IHv, is strongly influenced by multiple-scattered light. For example, comparable levels of Ivv and IHv indicated that the reflectance of soils, is dominated by significant multiple scattering because single scattering causes minimal depolarization in the plane of incidence.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 43; 1; p. 97-114.
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  • 7
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    A pointable, helicopter-based remote sensing data acquisition system for collecting bidirectional reflectance data (1991)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Discussed here is a new configuration of a helicopter-borne remote sensing system to support field measurements programs such as studies of forest decline damage associated with atmospheric deposition and the Forest Ecosystems Dynamics project. In this new configuration, the sensor payload is mounted externally on a hinged pallet located on the starboard side of the Bell Iroquois UH-1B (HUEY) helicopter. The sensor payload includes a set of bore-sighted instruments consisting of a Barnes Modular Multiband Radiometer (MMR), a Spectron Engineering (SE) 590 spectroradiometer, an Everest infrared temperature sensor, and a Sony CCD video camera with a 10x zoom lens. The system was tested and excellent data was acquired in 1990.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA, Washington, 4th Airborne Geoscience Workshop; p 297-298
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  • 8
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    High-resolution measurements of surface topography with airborne laser altimetry and the global positioning system (1991)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Recently, an airborne lidar system that measures laser pulse time-of-flight and the distortion of the pulse waveform upon reflection from earth surface terrain features was developed and is now operational. This instrument is combined with Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers and a two-axis gyroscope for accurate recovery of aircraft position and pointing attitude. The laser altimeter system is mounted on a high-altitude aircraft platform and operated in a repetitively-pulsed mode for measurements of surface elevation profiles at nadir. The laser transmitter makes use of recently developed short-pulse diode-pumped solid-state laser technology in Q-switched Nd:YAG operating at its fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm. A reflector telescope and silicon avalanche photodiode are the basis of the optical receiver. A high-speed time-interval unit and a separate high-bandwidth waveform digitizer under microcomputer control are used to process the backscattered pulses for measurements of terrain. Other aspects of the lidar system are briefly discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA, Washington, 4th Airborne Geoscience Workshop; p 145-146
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  • 9
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    The relationship between aboveground biomass and radar backscatter as observed on airborne SAR imagery (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: The initial results of an experiment to examine the dependence of radar image intensity on total above-ground biomass in a southern US pine forest ecosystem are presented. Two sets of data are discussed. First, we examine two L-band (VV-polarization) data sets which were collected 5 years apart. These data sets clearly illustrate the change in backscatter resulting from the growth of a young pine stand. Second, we examine the dependence between radar backscatter and biomass as a function of radar frequency using data from the JPL Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (AIRSAR) and ERIM/NADC P-3 SAR systems. These results show that there is a positive correlation between above-ground biomass and radar backscatter and at C-, L-, and P-bands, but very little correlation at C-band. The biomass level for which this positive correlation holds decreases as radar frequency increases. This positive correlation is stronger at HH and HV polarizations that VV polarization at L- and P-bands, but strongest at VV polarization for C-band.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL, Proceedings of the Third Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (AIRSAR) Workshop; p 11-21
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  • 10
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    Techniques and applications of SAR interferometry for ERS-1 (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: The ERS-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) demonstrated that it is possible to measure high resolution topography over large areas using interferometry with repeat orbit data sets. Given that the ERS-1 orbit is known with high precision, an automatic system for generation of interferograms is presented. Least squares estimation using ground control points provides an accurate method for determining the precise interferometric baseline. The system parameters which affect the accuracy of the Digital Elevation Models (DEM's) are errors in the interferometric baseline, decorrelation caused by baseline separation, thermal noise, and surface change. An adaptive filter based on the local interferometric coherence was developed to improve phase unwrapping of the interferogram. Final accuracies of the DEM's generated for single scene pairs in Alaska (U.S.) and Bonn (Germany) are on the order of 5 to 10 m.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: CNES, From Optics to Radar, SPOT, and ERS Applications; p 483-490
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