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  • 1990-1994  (59)
  • 1890-1899
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative analysis of liposome-cell interactions in vitro: Rate constants of binding and endocytosis with suspension and adherent J774 cells and human monocytes (1993)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 32 (1993), S. 889-899 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00054a021
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metabolism of proline by the tiger prawnPenaeus esculentus (1991)
    Springer
    Marine biology 110 (1991), S. 85-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The distribution and fate of14C-proline were investigated in immature tiger prawns,Penaeus esculentus Haswell, collected in Moreton Bay, Cleveland, Australia, by trawling during 1986/1987. Initially the prawns were fed14C-proline in food pellets to follow the pathway of proline absorption and distribution in the body.14C-proline was also injected directly into the prawn to provide sufficient tracer to follow the incorporation of14C into other amino acids and into proteins. A comparison was made of the metabolism of injected14C-proline over 48 h in prawns that had been fed and those that had been starved for 10 d. Free amino acids (FAA) in the muscle and protein-bound amino acids were analysed separately. Labelled proline was completely absorbed and distributed within the body 3 h after ingestion, about 80% being in the tissues, mostly in muscle. There was no significant difference between the total CO2 output in fed and starved prawns, but the latter metabolised about twice the amount of labelled proline over 48 h. At this time, in abdominal muscle of fed prawns, about 95% of the total muscle label was in the FAA; of the label in the FAA, 78% was proline and 18% glutamic acid, with the remainder in hydroxyproline, aspartic acid, glutamine, alanine and Kreb's cycle intermediates. In the starved prawns, proline was 58%, glutamic acid 24%, with correspondingly higher amounts in the other compounds. In the muscle protein, the distribution of label was similar in fed and starved prawns, with 72 to 74% as proline. The experiments showed that proline is not very labile in the tiger prawn and its rate of synthesis is slow. It does not appear to be an important source of energy as in some insects and cephalopods, but during starvation is only slowly oxidised for energy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01313095
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The fate of some 14C-labelled dietary lipids in the tiger prawn Penaeus esculentus (1993)
    Springer
    Marine biology 115 (1993), S. 39-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Penaeus esculentus Haswell were collected from Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia, by trawling during 1987–1988. After standardisation for nutritional state and moult stage (C to D0), prawns were fed one of three 14C labelled lipids: a non-essential fatty acid (FA: palmitic acid, 16:0); an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA: eicosapentaenoic acid, 20:5n-3); and the essential sterol, cholesterol. The diet was not deficient in any of these lipids. Experiments were run for 24 and 72 h, the rate of production and radioactivity of CO2 was determined, and at the end of each experiment lipid classes of the neutral (NL) and polar lipid (PL) fractions of the digestive gland, abdominal muscle and integument were separated and the 14C counted. Approximately 34% of the 14C16:0 and 14C20:5n-3 was oxidised to CO2 at similar rates up to 72 h, both reacing a peak at 12 h; cholesterol was not oxidised to CO2. The distribution in the tissues of 14C from all three labels was similar: digestive gland 〉 muscle 〉 remainder 〉 blood 〉 gills 〉 proventriculus 〉 hindgut. This was not due to mass of the tissue or its lipid content. Most of the label from the FA was in PL (digestive gland 〉 50%, muscle and integument 〉 80%). In the NL, most of the label was in free FA; in the PL classes, 14C was predominant in phosphatidylcholine (PC), especially in the muscle and integument. The data indicate that the digestive gland is a major site of lipid synthesis, as well as assimilation and storage. The distribution of the 14C20:5n-3 label differed appreciably from that of 14C16:0 only in the PL fraction, where it was more evenly distributed. It was concluded that, when in excess, the fate of this essential PUFA is similar to that of non-essential FA. Labelled cholesterol was distributed readily through the tissues, but appeared to be mostly retained as such.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349384
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lipid-class composition of organs and tissues of the tiger prawnPanaeus esculentus during the moulting cycle and during starvation (1991)
    Springer
    Marine biology 108 (1991), S. 235-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Neutral lipid and phospholipid fractions and their component lipid classes in the digestive gland, abdominal muscle, epidermis and cuticle ofPenaeus esculentus Haswell were analysed and compared during the moulting cycle and during starvation. The prawns were collected from Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia, by trawling during 1985–1987, and were fed on a standard, semi-purified diet. The digestive gland appears to be a major site of lipid synthesis, storage and mobilisation in preparation for moulting. Neutral lipid, 59 to 80% of which was triacylglycerol, was the larger fraction. It accumulated during early premoult, mainly due to the increase in triacylglycerol. The digestive gland contained only 18% of the total body lipid, or 8% of body lipid as triacylglycerol. Thus, the reserve lipid available for energy production is very small. Digestive gland triacylglycerol was markedly depleted after 4 d starvation and was almost completely absent after 8 d. In the other tissues, the major fraction was phospholipid, of which over 50% was phosphatidylcholine and up to 20% phoshatidylethanolamine; cholesterol was the major class in the neutral lipid fraction and appeared to be very stable. Most of this lipid was probably a component of cellular membranes. The lipid composition of muscle changed very little during the moulting cycle: total lipid levels in the epidermis were high in late premoult and early postmoult, when new cuticle is being secreted, but the proportions of the component lipids were closely similar. Cuticle lipid, together with other major components, was resorbed from the old cuticle prior to ecdysis, but the cuticle phospholipids appeared to be labile at all moult stages. The total of all lipids in fedP. esculentus was about 3.6% dry weight, of which about 70% was phospholipid. Earlier research had shown that when digestive gland lipid is exhausted after a short period of starvation, muscle is metabolised for energy. The present research showed that in the remaining muscle only about 13% of lipid was lost after 21 d starvation, mostly as phosphatidylcholine. This is in keeping with the need to maintain this tissue in a functional state. In contrast, epidermal lipid levels were markedly reduced after only 4 d starvation and the proportions of phospholipids changed significantly. This sensitivity of the cuticle lipids to starvation may be the cause of delayed moulting, which is characteristic of poor nutrition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01344338
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fatty acid composition of organs and tissues of the tiger prawn Penaeus esculentus during the moulting cycle and during starvation (1992)
    Springer
    Marine biology 113 (1992), S. 45-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The fatty acids (FA) in neutral lipid (NL) and polar lipid (PL) of digestive gland, muscle and integument of Penaeus esculentus Haswell were analysed and compared during the moulting cycle and during starvation. The prawns were collected from Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia, by trawling during 1985–1987, and were fed with a standard semi-purified diet. Compared with a natural diet, the artificial diet had much higher levels of 18:1n-9 and 18:2n-6, but only trace amounts of 20:4n-6, but there was no evidence of dietary imbalance. The fatty acid composition (percentage of total lipid) of the digestive gland changed markedly during the moulting cycle and during starvation, but the small changes observed in both muscle and integument suggested that these tissues maintained their composition under both conditions. When the fatty acids were calculated as absolute amounts, muscle composition, as well as that of the digestive gland, changed significantly. In the digestive gland, saturated FA (SFA), monounsaturated FA (MUFA), diunsaturated FA (DUFA) and polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) all increased up to the middle of the moulting cycle and then declined; with starvation all groups decreased. In muscle, SFA, MUFA and DUFA all increased during the moulting cycle; starvation caused SFA, MUFA and PUFA to decrease, whereas DUFA did not vary. Starvation caused both 18:2n-6 (linoleic) and 18:3n-3 (linolenic) in the digestive gland to reach or almost reach zero. The other essential PUFA, 20:4n-6 (arachidonic), 20:5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic) and 22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic), decreased during the moulting cycle, but during starvation 20:4n-6 did not decrease as much. In muscle, the levels of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 increased, while 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 remained approximately constant during the moulting cycle. Starvation reduced 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 to about 60%. The data suggest that levels of 18:3n-3, 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 are regulated, and that 20:4n-6 can be synthesised from 18:2n-6. There is no clear evidence that 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 are essential in P. esculentus, but tissue catabolism of cell membranes during starvation may have provided sufficient amounts for maintenance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00367637
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Complementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae acid phosphatase mutation by a genomic sequence from the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica identifies a new phosphatase (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 22 (1992), S. 345-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Acid phosphatase ; Heterologous complementation ; Yarrowia lipolytica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A Yarrowia lipolytica gene library was constructed in vector YRp7 and transformed into a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain lacking both major acid phosphatase activities. A 2.18 kb genomic sequence restoring the ability to hydrolyze α-naphthyl phosphate was isolated. Its sequencing revealed an ORF encoding 358 amino acids without significant homology with any known phosphatase. A putative signal peptide and several possible sites for N-glycosylation were identified. Phosphate-regulated expression of the cloned gene was observed in Y. lipolytica. Disruption data favoured the hypothesis that it might encode a minor phosphatase species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00352435
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple-copy integration in the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 38-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yarrowia lipolytica ; Gene amplification ; rDNA ; Secretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using an EcoRI-BglII fragment of the G unit of the rDNA of Y. lipolytica and a set of 11 deletions in the URA3 promoter, we have constructed several plasmids to test gene amplification in the rDNA. These plasmids contain the rDNA fragment for integration, defective versions of the URA3 gene, the XPR2 gene encoding alkaline extracellular protease (AEP) as a reporter gene, and part of the pBR322 plasmid for selection and replication in E. coli. Among these plasmids, one corresponds to a deletion which allows multiple integration into the rDNA (plasmid pINA773). Two other plasmids (pINA767 and pINA772) give multiple integration only with a mutated URA3 gene. Transformants carrying these three plasmids were tested for copy number, stability, chromosomal localization and AEP secretion. Transformants containing plasmids pINA767, 772 and 773 displayed an average copy number of 5, 12 and 25–60 copies respectively of the plasmid, as estimated by PCR and DNA hybridization. Integrations occurred in only one chromosome except for transformants containing 60 copies where copies were observed at least in two different chromosomes. Multiple integrations were found both as tandem repeats and as dispersed copies. Plasmid copy number was stable in both minimum and rich media, for strains containing less than ten copies per cells. However, for higher copy number, multiple integrations were stable only when AEP synthesis was not induced, while in inducing medium stability of the multiple integrations was dramatically affected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00326302
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The respiration of common benthic invertebrate species from the shallow littoral zone of Lake Esrom, Denmark (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 199 (1990), S. 117-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: respiration ; invertebrates ; benthos ; littoral ; Lake Esrom
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To enable estimation of the total assimilation of benthic populations, we measured the oxygen consumption of macroinvertebrates from the littoral zone of a eutrophic lake. The animals were collected all the year round, and their respiration was measured at field temperatures using a closed-bottle method. Multiple regressions relating the rate of oxygen consumption to temperature and body size were established for 22 taxa, including data derived from the literature for meiofaunal groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00005604
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Population dynamics and energy budget of Marionina southerni (Cernosvitov) (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta) in the shallow littoral of Lake Esrom, Denmark (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 278 (1994), S. 291-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Enchytraeidae ; population dynamics ; production ; respiration ; energy budget ; Lake Esrom
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Marionina southerni (Cernosvitov) was numerically the dominant oligochaete in a shallow, strongly exposed surf zone locality (0–1 m depth) in the mesotrophic Lake Esrom. It comprised 21,500 ind m−2 or nearly 50% of the total oligochaete community, which otherwise was dominated by Nais spp. and the lumbriculid Stylodrilus heringianus Claparède. M. southerni appears to have a 1-y life cycle. Individual biomass ranged from 3 to 48 µg ash free dry weight. Annual net production at the site was 5.1 kcal m−2 (size-frequency method) with a P/B ratio of 2.5. This is about 0.5% of the estimated mean zoobenthic production in the littoral zone from 0 to 2 m depth in Lake Esrom. At 5° C M. southerni showed a constant oxygen uptake down to 25% oxygen saturation, but practically no regulatory respiration was found at 20 °C. In the field M. southerni was never found in sediment with less than 60% oxygen saturation. The annual community respiration of M. southerni was 14.2 kcal m−2, and annual assimilation thus made up 19.3 kcal m−2 with a net production efficiency of 26.5%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00142338
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Energy metabolism of Chironomus anthracinus (Diptera: Chironomidae) from the profundal zone of Lake Esrom, Denmark, as a function of body size, temperature and oxygen concentration (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 294 (1994), S. 43-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Chironomus anthracinus ; oxygen consumption ; respiratory quotient ; energy production ; glycogen ; profundal zone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The profundal zone of Lake Esrom, Denmark has a dense population of Chironomus anthracinus, which survives 2–4 months of oxygen depletion each summer during stratification. The metabolism of 3rd and 4th instar larvae was examined in regard to variation in biomass and temperature. Respiration at air saturation was described by a curvilinear multiple regression relating oxygen consumption to individual AFDW and temperature. At 10 °C and varying oxygen regimes the O2 consumption and CO2 production of 4th instar larvae were almost unaltered from saturation to about 3 mg O2 l−1, but decreased steeply below this level. The respiratory quotient increased from 0.82 at saturation to about 3.4 at oxygen concentrations near 0.5 mg O2 l−1. This implied a shift from aerobic to partially anaerobic metabolism. At 0.5 mg O2 l−1 the total energy production equalled 20% of the rate at saturation of which more than one third was accounted for by anaerobic degradation of glycogen. This corresponded to a daily loss of 12 µg mg AFDW−1 or approximately 5% of the body reserves. At unchanged metabolic rate the glycogen store would last three weeks, but long term oxygen deficiency causes a further suppression of the energy metabolism in C. anthracinus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00017624
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