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  • 1
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    Sequence-selective recognition of DNA by strand displacement with a thymine-substituted polyamide (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-12-06
    Description: A polyamide nucleic acid (PNA) was designed by detaching the deoxyribose phosphate backbone of DNA in a computer model and replacing it with an achiral polyamide backbone. On the basis of this model, oligomers consisting of thymine-linked aminoethylglycyl units were prepared. These oligomers recognize their complementary target in double-stranded DNA by strand displacement. The displacement is made possible by the extraordinarily high stability of the PNA-DNA hybrids. The results show that the backbone of DNA can be replaced by a polyamide, with the resulting oligomer retaining base-specific hybridization.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nielsen, P E -- Egholm, M -- Berg, R H -- Buchardt, O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Dec 6;254(5037):1497-500.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry B, Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1962210" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Structure ; Nylons/*chemistry ; Oligonucleotides/*chemistry ; Photochemistry ; Thermodynamics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Theory and practice of image formation by the photoprojection method of submicron patterns (1978)
    Springer
    Applied physics 16 (1978), S. 279-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 85.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Optical projection of masks is a very troublesome task if dimensions are in the submicron range. It is difficult to get an undistorted image in the resist. This problem can be overcome by introducing corrections in the penultimate mask. Till now this has been done by a trial and error method in which an acceptable pattern is made only after a time consuming iterative process. In this paper a description will be given of the image forming process in which diffraction at the penultimate mask and at the aperture of the lens are the critical features. Based upon this theory correction formulas are derived for the direct design of penultimate masks. Rules for maximum edge sharpness are given, so that the tolerance demands on the production process can be relaxed. Extensive experimental measurements are in good agreement with theory. It will be shown theoretically as well as practically that by asymmetrical arrangement of the optical system images of gratings with 0.2–0.3 μm linewidth can be obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00885123
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The thermal conductivity of ethane in the critical region (1990)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 92 (1990), S. 5454-5462 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New experimental data are presented for the thermal conductivity of ethane. The thermal conductivity has been measured with a parallel-plate method as a function of temperature along eleven different isochores so as to obtain detailed information on the enhancement of the thermal conductivity in the critical region. The experimental results appear to be consistent with a recently proposed theoretical equation that accounts for both the asymptotic and nonasymptotic critical behavior of the thermal conductivity of fluids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.458523
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The thermal conductivity of argon in the critical region (1994)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 101 (1994), S. 6944-6963 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have measured the thermal conductivity of argon at temperatures from 302 K down to 150.8 K and at densities up to 25 mol L−1. The data were obtained with a steady-state method and we employed a guarded parallel-plate apparatus designed especially for investigating the thermal conductivity of fluids in the critical region. To interpret the data in the critical region a scaled crossover equation of state for argon in the critical region has been constructed. Equations for the thermal conductivity and viscosity of argon as a function of density and temperature are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.468322
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemotaxis in Bacteria (1975)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 4 (1975), S. 119-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6589
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.04.060175.001003
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The micromagnetics of periodic arrays of defects in trilayers with interlayer exchange coupling (abstract) : The 6th joint magnetism and magnetic materials (MMM)-intermag conference (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 6559-6559 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A significant loss in the giant magnetoresistive signal of magnetic stacks with antiferromagnetic coupling across nonmagnetic intermediate layers is caused by regions with a ferro- rather than an antiferromagnetic coupling. The impact of these ferromagnetic coupling regions extends itself into the lateral direction due to the bulk exchange coupling. The present micromagnetic model provides a tool by which a detailed quantitative evaluation of the impact of periodic arrays of parallel line defects is possible. These defects have deviating exchange-coupling constants, and/or anisotropy constants or directions, bulk exchange constants, saturation magnetization, etc., in specific regions. Previously, we developed a phenomenological model of trilayers with two magnetic films separated by a nonmagnetic interlayer that contains one such defect. This model, with a relatively small number of free parameters, allows one to trace complete hysteresis curves. A large number of mode branches reveal themselves and jumpwise transitions between these modes frequently occur along the hysteresis loops. The present micromagnetic model requires a sufficiently accurate assessment of the starting magnetization configuration in order to get a convergence of the code. In general, the micromagnetic code is not capable of overcoming the above irreversible mode conversions. The mode branches evaluated by the phenomenological model are applied to provide the micromagnetic model with appropriate starting configurations after meeting a situation of nonstability.The micromagnetic theory of Brown constitutes the basis of the present approach. The micromagnetic effective field is calculated at grid points and the torque exerted by it on the magnetic dipole is made zero at each grid side by an iteration scheme. The long ranging magnetostatic fields are given by convolution integrals and are evaluated in the Fourier space by using two-dimensional fast Fourier transforms. The single defect is micromagnetically studied by zero padding techniques. Depending on the course of the external field, two different wall regions reveal themselves, to wit, the wall core and the so-called Néel tails. These tails were not incorporated into the phenomenological model. Provided that the defects are sufficiently wide spaced, the agreement between both models is rather good in the core regions. The impact on the GMR signal, in particular of the Néel tails, will be discussed with emphasis on systems with weak interlayer coupling, e.g., the decoupled systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.358191
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comments on "Structure of the plasma sheath in collisional to weakly collisional plasmas'' [Phys. Fluids B 2, 647 (1990)] (1991)
    New York, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 3 (1991), S. 1300-1301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Recently, Zawaideh et al. published a paper [Phys. Fluids B 2, 647 (1990)] asserting that they had obtained, from a more accurate set of fluid equations, physically reasonable plasma sheath solutions of an oscillating nature violating Bohm's criterion. In contrast to this statement, it is shown here that the violation of Bohm's criterion is based on an incorrect interpretation of the plasma sheath concept and that the oscillations are due to an incorrect initial condition in the calculations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.859823
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The plasma–sheath transition in an asymmetric collisionless plasma (1991)
    New York, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 3 (1991), S. 838-846 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The plasma–sheath problem (λD → 0) for an asymmetric warm collision-free plasma is solved in plane parallel geometry. To this end Emmert's model source term [Phys. Fluids 23, 803 (1980)] is generalized to account for a superimposed plasma drift. The quasineutral plasma approximation results in a system of coupled integral equations that can be solved analytically. In contrast to Emmert's symmetric model the upstream facing sheath edge shows the usual field singularity. At the downstream facing sheath edge, a finite field strength and an oversatisfied Bohm criterion are found. These results are in full agreement with general considerations on the Bohm criterion and on the sheath edge field singularity [Phys. Fluids B 1, 961 (1989)].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.859879
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Vitamin A and β-Carotene Intake on Dioxygenase Activity in Rat Intestine (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 691 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb26176.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A pre-frontal squall line on 14 November 1975 (1977)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 26 (1977), S. 361-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ursprung und Lebenslauf einer Gewitterlinie, die auf dem südafrikanischen Plateau beobachtet wurde, werden besprochen. Diese Gewitterlinie war mit einer Kaltfront assoziiert, was im allgemeinen in diesem Teil Südafrikas nicht der Fall ist. Die Gewitterlinie bewegte sich mit 35 km/h nach Nordosten, wesentlich schneller als die Front und mit einer mehr nördlichen Komponente als die Höhenwinde. Sie war mindestens 400 km lang, mit einem ununterbrochenen Mittelstück von 110 bis 130 km und nicht miteinander verbundenen Gewittern zu beiden Seiten. Im Raum von Johannesburg und Pretoria fiel Hagel von verschiedenen Gewitterzellen auf kleine Flächen. Radar Echos waren selten höher als 8 km über der Stationshöhe (1490 m über d. M.). Eine Gewitterzelle des Mittelstückes verstärkte sich in Intensität, Höhe und horizontaler Ausbreitung, während sie über Pretoria zog (die Echoobergrenze war zwischen 10 und 11 km); dabei fielen Hagelschlossen bis zu 3 cm Durchmesser. So wie die Nachbarzellen bewegte auch sie sich außergewöhnlich schnell und beinahe parallel zur Längsachse der Gewitterlinie (ostwärts mit 65 km/h) gemäß den Höhenwinden zwischen 600 und 500 mb. Der Echokern war auffällig nach Ostsüdosten geneigt was von der starken Windscherung verursacht wurde. Im Bereich dieses Überhanges fiel der Hagel bevor es am Boden anfing zu regnen.
    Notes: Summary The origin and life cycle of a squall line observed on the South African plateau are reviewed. The squall line was associated with a cold front whereas most squall lines in the subtropical part of the continent are not. It moved to the north-east and to the left of the upper winds at a speed of 35 km/h, which was considerably faster than that of the front. The squall line was at least 400 km long, with an unbroken central region of 110 to 130 km, on both sides of which were well-separated storms. In the area of Johannesburg and Pretoria, small patches of hail were produced by various cells. Radar echoes above 8 km AGL1 were rare. One cell of the unbroken portion while passing over Pretoria intensified rapidly, extended in all three dimensions (echo top up to 11 km AGL) and produced hailstones of up to 3 cm in diameter. Like its neighbouring cells, it moved exceptionally fast and almost parallel to the long axis of the squall line (eastewards at 65 km/h), following the winds between 600 and 500 mb. The echo core was tilted significantly towards east-south-east as a result of the strong wind shear. In the region of this overhang hailstones reached the ground before the onset of rain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02247822
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