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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Therapeutic equivalence of once- and thrice-daily glipizide (1986)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 31 (1986), S. 95-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: glipizide ; Type 2 diabetes ; dosing frequency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two cross-over studies were carried out in 23 patients with Type 2 diabetes, to examine whether glipizide, a potent sulphonylurea with fast and complete absorption and rapid elimination (t1/2〈5 h), can be given once-daily without loss of therapeutic effect. In both studies, patients were randomly assigned to an initial dose of 7.5 mg once daily or 2.5 mg three-times daily, which was increased to 15 mg o.d. or 5 mg t.i.d. if the fasting plasma glucose remained over 10 mmol/l on the lower dosage. In Study 1 (n=11), administration once a day before breakfast was compared with intake before breakfast, lunch and early dinner (5 p.m.) and in Study 2 (n=12) the comparison was between intake once-daily before breakfast and dosing before breakfast, lunch, and at bedtime (10 p.m.). Neither the 24-hour urinary glucose excretion nor HbA1, fasting plasma glucose, insulin or C-peptide levels differed between the once and three times daily administration with the third dose given before early dinner. The nadir plasma levels of glipizide were not significantly different and were often too low to be detected. Postponing the third dose until 10 p.m. did not produce any improvement in HbA1 or in fasting plasma glucose, insulin or C-peptide. The mean nadir glipizide levels following this schedule were twice as high as those after once-daily administration. As expected, the plasma glipizide after breakfast was higher when the whole dose was taken before breakfast than when it was divided. The corresponding plasma level of insulin was higher and that of plasma glucose was lower. The after-lunch levels of glipizide did not differ significantly, and there was no after-lunch difference in plasma insulin or glucose. It appears that the major effect of glipizide is to augment insulin availability following meals, whilst it has little influence on nocturnal glucose control. In a daily dose of 7.5 mg or more, glipizide can be taken once daily without loss of efficacy, at least in areas with Northern European meal schedules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00870994
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of chronic diflunisal treatment on the plasma levels, metabolism and excretion of indomethacin (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 37 (1989), S. 7-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: indomethacin ; diflunisal ; pharmacokinetics ; drug interaction ; adverse effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The single-dose pharmacokinetics of indomethacin following 100 mg rectally was measured in two groups of 8 healthy subjects before and after diflunisal 500 mg p.o. once daily, or 500 mg in the morning and 1000 mg in the evening, until steady state conditions were reached. A further group of 8 healthy subjects was given 50 mg indomethacin rectally before and after diflunisal 500 mg p.o. twice daily. High dose diflunisal (1500 mg/day) decreased the renal clearance of indomethacin from 21.9 to 1.8 ml/min (92%) and reduced the renal excretion of both unchanged (63%) and conjugated (82%) indomethacin. The apparent total body clearance (0.12 l/h/kg), apparent volume of distribution (0.98 l/kg), and volume of distribution at steady state (0.80 l/kg) were decreased by 47%, 35% and 30%. The maximum plasma concentration (2.4 µg/ml) and total area under the curve (13.0 µg × h/ml) were increased by 40% and 119%, respectively. The terminal elimination half-life (5.7 h) and mean residence time (6.7 h) were slightly prolonged (7.0 h and 8.8 h) in the presence of diflunisal. The contribution of metabolism to the overall elimination of indomethacin was increased by only 2%. Similar results were obtained when the subjects were challenged with the low dose of diflunisal (500 mg/day), although the magnitude of the changes were smaller. The interaction between indomethacin and diflunisal may be due to competition both at the metabolic (conjugation) and the excretory (tubular secretion) levels. When the subjects were given 50 mg indomethacin and diflunisal 1000 mg/day simultaneously, the achieved maximum plasma concentration of indomethacin (2.53 µg/ml) was comparable to that seen after 100 mg in the absence of diflunisal (3.1 µg/ml), but the AUC was greater (21.7 µg × h/ml vs 13.0 µg × h/ml). Adverse central nervous reactions were more frequent and more pronounced at higher plasma indomethacin concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609416
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term effects of glipizide on insulin secretion and blood glucose control in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 42 (1992), S. 77-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Glipizide ; Insulin secretion ; Diabetes mellitus ; NIDDM ; sulphonylurea treatment ; hypocaloric diet weight control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Of 23 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), whose fasting blood glucose had not reached ≤6.0 mmol·l−1 after 10 weeks of dietary regulation, 15, who had had a weight reduction of −2.8 kg by dietary control, did achieve a fasting blood glucose ≤6.0 mmol·l−1 after addition of ≤20 mg glipizide daily. They had a sustained (≥2 years) increase in meal-induced insulin secretion (32% increase in postprandial C-peptide AUC), and a sustained reduction in postprandial hyperglycaemia (34% reduction in AUC). Ten of the patients took a mean daily dose 〈5mg (4.8 mg) and had a sustained increase in insulin secretion rate (increased C-peptide slope). The 15 patients had no elevation of basal insulin secretion and no impairment of weight reduction. The remaining 8 subjects, who showed little or no weight reduction on dietary control, had little or no reduction in fasting blood glucose despite long-term treatment with 20 mg glipizide daily, a less sustained increase in meal-induced insulin secretion, a smaller reduction of postprandial hyperglycaemia, and an increase in body weight. On diagnosis the 8 subjects did not differ from the other 15 subjects in age, body weight, blood glucose, HbA1c, C-peptide or insulin, nor in their glucose and insulin responses to a test dose of glipizide; the main reason for the apparent drug failure appeared to be deficient compliance with dietary regulation rather than a primary inability to respond to sulphonylurea treatment. The findings indicate that glipizide is able to promote and maintain increased meal-induced insulin secretion and near-normal fasting and non-fasting blood glucose levels without continuous B cell stimulation. However, these improvements prevail mainly in subjects who persist with hypocaloric dietary regulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00314924
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics and metabolic effects of glibenclamide and glipizide in type 2 diabetics (1985)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 28 (1985), S. 697-704 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: glibenclamide ; glipizide ; pharmacokinetics ; metabolic effects ; Type 2 diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fifteen Type 2 diabetics were treated for 4-week periods with once daily (10 mg) glibenclamide, glipizide and placebo according to a double-blind cross-over protocol. Post-dose glipizide concentrations were three times higher than those of glibenclamide, due to the incomplete bioavailability of the latter. On the other hand, pre-dose drug levels were similar, as an expression of the slower absorption and/or elimination of glibenclamide. Both active treatments reduced postprandial blood glucose concentrations and 24-hour urinary glucose excretion to a similar degree, but fasting blood glucose concentrations were slightly lower during glibenclamide treatment. Both active treatments enhanced fasting and postprandial insulin and C-peptide concentrations, the C-peptide response being greater after glipizide than after glibenclamide. Plasma glucagon and GIP concentrations were not significantly affected. Insulin sensitivity was increased by glibenclamide but not by glipizide. Neither therapy affected insulin binding to erythrocytes. It appears that both glibenclamide and glipizide improved glucose metabolism by sustained stimulation of insulin secretion, which was most pronounced with glipizide. Only glibenclamide improved insulin sensitivity and was slightly more active than glipizide on fasting blood glucose levels. The differences may be consequences of the pharmacokinetics, but differences in pharmacodynamics cannot be excluded.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00607919
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lack of primary effect of sulphonylurea (glipizide) on plasma lipoproteins and insulin action in former Type 2 diabetics with attenuated insulin secretion (1987)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 33 (1987), S. 279-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: glipizide ; plasma lipoproteins ; HDL ; LDL ; cholesterol ; triglycerides ; blood glucose ; Type 2 diabetes ; insulin-dependent diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation has been made into the effects of 8 weeks of glipizide treatment in diabetics previously classified as Type 2 but with subsequent attenuation of insulin secretion and thence maintained on exogenous insulin. Although all patients were exposed to therapeutic plasma concentrations of glipizide, fasting blood glucose, haemoglobin A1 and plasma lipoproteins (HDL, LDL, total cholesterol and triglycerides) did not show any consistent improvement following this treatment. It appears unlikely that SU (glipizide) has any primary effect on insulin action or on plasma lipoproteins. Its primary action is to augment insulin release and availability, so, its use should be restricted to Type 2 diabetics who retain insulin secretion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00637562
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of glipizide on early insulin release and glucose disposal before and after dietary regulation in diabetic patients with different degrees of hyperglycaemia (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 35 (1988), S. 31-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: glipizide ; diabetes mellitus ; NIDDM ; insulin release ; glucose disposal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An early defect in subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and the preceding phase of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is a reduction in early insulin release and hence a prolonged elevation of postprandial blood glucose. We therefore assessed whether a rapidly acting sulphonylurea (glipizide 5 mg 0.5 h before a test meal) could correct these disturbances in 38 IGT/NIDDM subjects, whose early insulin release and postprandial blood glucose elevations remained unimproved after 10 weeks of dietary regulation. We also assessed whether the efficacy of glipizide was dependent upon the ambient blood glucose concentration, and if early systemic availability of the drug was important for the blood glucose lowering effect. A single dose of glipizide normalized early insulin release and hence reduced the postprandial blood glucose increase that was not lowered by dietary regulation. The efficacy of glipizide was dependent upon the early systemic availability of the drug, but early systemic availability and efficacy were independent of the extent of blood glucose elevation, at least within a range of 6–12 mmol·l−1 of fasting blood glucose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00555504
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of renal failure, rheumatoid arthritis and old age on the pharmacokinetics of diflunisal (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 36 (1989), S. 165-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: diflunisal ; pharmacokinetics ; healthy volunteers ; kidney failure ; rheumatoid arthritis ; aged subjects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The single-dose plasma kinetics of diflunisal was studied in healthy young and old subjects, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and in patients with renal failure. The plasma and urine kinetics of the glucuronidated metabolites of diflunisal were studied in the healthy elderly subjects and in the patients with renal failure. In addition, the multiple-dose plasma kinetics of diflunisal was assessed in healthy volunteers and in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. After a single dose of diflunisal the terminal plasma half-life, mean residence time and apparent volume of distribution were higher in elderly subjects than in young adults. No difference was observed in any pharmacokinetic parameter between age-matched healthy subjects and patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The elimination half-life of unchanged diflunisal was correlated with the creatinine clearance (r=+0.89) and its apparent total body clearance exhibited linear dependence on creatinine clearance (r=+0.78). In patients with renal failure, the terminal plasma half-life and mean residence time of diflunisal were prolonged. The renal and apparent total body clearances were lower, the mean apparent volume of distribution was higher and the mean area under the concentration-time curve extrapolated to infinity (AUC) was greater in the renal failure patients than in controls. The plasma concentration of the glucuronidated metabolites rapidly rose to levels above those of unchanged drug in renal patients, whereas they were lower than those of unchanged diflunisal in controls. The AUC (0–96 h) of diflunisal glucuronides in the patients was four-times that in controls, and the terminal elimination half-life of the glucuronides was prolonged in them. The renal excretion and clearance of diflunisal glucuronides were reduced when renal function was impaired. After multiple dosing, the pre-dose steady-state plasma-concentration increased with decreasing creatinine clearance (r=-0.79). When the plasma concentration exceeded 200 µmol·1−1, the elimination half-life was doubled, due to partial saturation of diflunisal conjugation. This finding suggests that lower doses could be used in long-term treatment. Thus, old age and arthritic disease appear to have little influence on the kinetics of diflunisal in the absence of renal functional impairment. Ordinary doses can be given for short term treatment of elderly patients with or without RA. In patients with renal failure, however, reduced doses of diflunisal are recommended.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609190
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thin foil x-ray converters pumped by subpicosecond excimer lasers (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3707-3711 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have measured the conversion efficiency, as well as the spectral and temporal x-ray output of H- and He-like carbon line emission, from a thin foil of polypropylene that has been irradiated with subpicosecond KrF laser pulses. The effect of amplified spontaneous emission prepulse on the x-ray conversion process, as well as the application of these x-ray "flashlamps'' toward pumping soft x-ray lasers, is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354517
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A probe for real-time images of particle beams and their analyses in a merged-beams apparatus (1990)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 61 (1990), S. 3372-3377 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We have developed a real-time charged particle beam probe which can be used both as a beam diagnostic (beam tuning) and to quantitatively determine the three-dimensional density distribution of a beam. The probe consists of a microchannel plate, an aluminized phosphor screen deposited on a fiber-optic faceplate, a flexible fiber-optic bundle, and a charge injection device (CID) in tandem. Digital or analog video output of the CID is fed into a computer or oscilloscope, respectively, for analysis or observation. The probe can be moved continuously along the beams' paths to obtain "pictures'' of the beam at any desired interval thus giving three- dimensional form factors. Either beam singly or both beams simultaneously may be observed on the monitor facilitating the task of beam adjustment for optimum overlap. The digital output is used for quantitative computation of the beam overlaps. The device is linear with beam intensity, but the performance degrades with time due to beam damage of the microchannel plate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1141586
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    X-ray streak camera diagnostics of picosecond laser–plasma interactions : Proceedings of the 9th topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 63 (1992), S. 5116-5118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An x-ray streak camera is used to diagnose a laser-produced Al plasma with time resolution of ∼10 ps. A streak record of filtered emission and a time-integrated transmission grating spectrum reveal that the plasma radiation is dominated by emission from He- and H-like resonance lines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1143457
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