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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 102-105 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Thelytoky ; microorganisms ; autoparasitoid ; biological control ; sex ratio ; parthenogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The production of large numbers of males in the thelytokous speciesEncarsia formosa was induced by feeding antibiotics to their mothers. The males induced by antibiotic treatment produce sperm and sometimes mate with females, but insemination does not occur.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 84 (1985), S. 239-248 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: salivary glands ; nonelectrolytes ; solvent drag ; diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The characteristics of nonelectrolyte secretion by the rabbit mandibular salivary gland have been investigated in anin vitro perfused preparation. The concentrations of14C-labeled nonelectrolytes were measured in saliva samples collected over a range of flow rates during the secretory response of the gland to continuous acetylcholine infusion. Of the nine nonelectrolytes studied, the two particularly lipid-soluble molecules, ethanol and antipyrine, appeared in the saliva at approximately the same concentration as in the perfusate, regardless of the secretory flow rate. The more polar molecules (urea, ethanediol, thiourea, glycerol, erythritol, mannitol and sucrose) appeared at saliva/perfusate concentration ratios (ϕ) which showed a strong dependence on flow. With the exception of thiourea, this could be attributed to the combined contributions of diffusion and solvent drag. For the polar nonelectrolytes, estimates have been obtained of both the permeability coefficients of the gland (P) and the solvent-drag filtration coefficients (1−σ). The relation between 1−σ and molecular radius suggests that small polar nonelectrolytes and the bulk of the secreted water cross the epithelium via aqueous channels that are approximately 0.8 nm in width. The location of the channels remains uncertain because tissue space measurements indicate that the nonelectrolytes most affected by solvent drag have access to both transcellular and paracellular pathways.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 98 (1994), S. 1058-1060 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 99 (1993), S. 4860-4863 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Fluctuations in the NO(2Π) state distributions from the state-selected simple bond fission unimolecular reaction of NO2 are probed using double-resonance photofragment yield (PHOFRY) spectroscopy. These spectra are sensitive probes of the correlation of selected NO rovibronic levels with specific resonances in the excited molecule.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 99 (1993), S. 1093-1108 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We report detailed vibrational, rotational, and electronic (V,R,E) distributions of nascent NO(X 2Π1/2,3/2) deriving from monoenergetic unimolecular reactions of expansion-cooled NO2. Near UV excitation above dissociation threshold (25 130.6 cm−1) prepares molecular eigenstates which are admixtures of the optically active 1 2B2 state and the ground X˜ 2A1 electronic state. The strong mixings among the vibronic states result in vibrational predissociation from states of predominantly ground state character, and the NO product state distributions (PSDs) are compared with the predictions of several statistical theories. The PSDs are combined with previously measured O(3PJ) distributions and unimolecular reaction rates, thereby providing a complete description of the decomposition of NO2 at these excess energies. All the rotational distributions show prominent fluctuations and structures, but tend on average to follow the statistical distributions predicted by phase space theory (PST). This behavior is observed in both NO(v=0) and NO(v=1) channels, although the relative population in NO(v=1) was always greater than expected by PST. The NO(v=1) fractional population is bounded by the predictions of the separate statistical ensembes (SSE) method, and recent variational Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus (RRKM) calculations are in agreement with the experimental results. Prior distributions underestimate the degree of vibrational excitation even more than PST does, and also the relative populations of the lower NO rotational levels. The observed NO spin–orbit states are always colder than statistical. We conclude that a significant interplay between dynamical biases and statistical expectations is manifest from the onset of dissociation, and is particularly evident when the initial parent rotational state is well defined.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 1 (1987), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The Removal of heavy metals and aluminium residuals during upflow sludge-blanket clarification was investigated using a pilot-plant system. Pilot units treating predosed raw water on site were assessed for sludge-blanket formation and stabilization, and were found to produce clarified water of a comparable quality to the main works units after the start-up and stabilization periods were complete. The heavy metals Cr, Fe, Mn, and Ni were the only heavy metals detectable at the investigation site and these occurred at concentrations well below guidelines values for potable abstraction and supply.Mean removals of Fe, Mn, Cr, and Ni were about 98, 89, 51, and 30 per cent respectively, during steady-state operation, and Fe, Mn, and Cr all displayed reduced removals during transient changes in surface load, whereas Ni removal appeared to be relatively independent. Aluminium residuals derived from the dosed alum coagulant also showed decreases in removal from about 83 per cent during steady-state operation to between 40 and 50 per cent during transient experiments.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Insect outbreaks ; Tree stress ; Operophtera brumata ; Sitka Spruce ; Site effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Since the early 1980s, the winter moth, Operophtera brumata L. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) has emerged as a serious pest of Sitka Spruce, Picea sitchensis Bong. plantations in southern Scotland. Outbreaks are characterised by susceptible sites within plantations which can occur immediately adjacent to resistant sites. We investigated the level of some nutrients in the trees, the date of budburst of the trees, and the numbers of some potential predators of winter moth pupae. None could satisfactorily explain outbreak patterns. Although foliage analysis demonstrated that many trees were marginal or deficient in phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium, these deficiencies were not related to the susceptibility of a site. Within sites, the numbers and weights of O. brumata were positively related to phosphorus content and negatively related to calcium content of foliage. Other evidence suggests, however, that these correlations may not represent direct effects of phosphorus and calcium on larval growth and survival. Date of budburst, which commonly determines susceptibility of deciduous hosts to O. brumata, was unrelated to density, and pupal predators were more, not less, abundant in susceptible sites. Although it is difficult to distinguish between factors that initiate outbreaks and those that maintain them, these data suggest that nutrient deficiencies of trees, budburst date, and the distribution of pupal predators of the winter moth cannot explain patterns of outbreak of the winter moth on spruce.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oecologia 76 (1988), S. 62-64 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Forest fragmentation ; Nest predation ; Maine ; Artificial nests ; Passerines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The size of forest fragments, the use of land bordering fragments, and the distance of nests from an edge all affect the frequency of predation upon bird nests in Maine (USA), an area where the forest has been fragmented by roads, but not significantly reduced in area. We placed artificial nests containing quail eggs in forests of different sizes and at various distances from the edge to test which of these factors was most important in describing predation. Predation was greatest in small tracts surrounded completely by land. Large areas and those bordered on at least one side by a large water body had lower predation rates. This suggests that influx of predators from nearby habitats may be responsible for much of the nest predation in forest fragments.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The removal of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) following acclimatization in an activated sludge pilot plant has been studied during transient changes in operating conditions. These changes included increases in hydraulic loading and influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) and such phenomena in combination with transient temperature reductions. Short-term increases in hydraulic loading from 1 to 2 dry weather flow (dwf) had a very limited effect on NTA removal. Increasing the influent COD had a slight effect on NTA removal. Short term increases in hydraulic loading combined with transient reductions in temperature significantly reduced NTA removal. The effect of these combined changes on NTA removal was synergistic, rather than additive. Increases in influent COD combined with transient temperature reductions also caused a significant reduction of NTA removal. The effect of such combined changes on NTA removal was at most only additive.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Encarsia pergandiella Howard ; Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) ; autoparasitoid ; host suitability ; hyperparasite ; Encarsia pergandiella Howard ; Trialeurodes vaporariorum ; Westwood ; autoparasitoïdes ; hyperparasitoîdes ; réceptivité de l'hôte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les femelles d'Encarsia pergandiella Howard se développent comme parasitoïdes primaires des stades larvaires d'aleurodes, alors que les ♀♀ se développent comme parasitoïdes secondaires de leur propre espèce ou d'autres parasitoïdes primaires des Aleurodes. En laboratoire à 24°C, nous avons étudié le développement des ♀♀ d'E. pergandiella en utilisant comme hôte des jeunes ♂♂ d'E. pergandiella en place à l'intérieur du corps distendu deTrialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) à des stades différents. Nous avons séparé les femelles d'E. pergandiella, adultes vierges pendant 24 h en les plaçant chacune sur des feuilles de plantes comportant des hôtes âgés soit de 5 jours (3c stade larvaire avancé), soit de 7 jours (fin de 3c stade à prépupe), soit enfin de 9 jours (pupe). Au cours d'un traitement de contrôle, on a laissé les hôtes se développer sans être exposés à des femelles adultes. L'éclosion des ♂♂ (hôtes) et des ♀♀ résultant de tous les traitements a été enregistrée quotidiennement. On a trouvé que les pupes (9 jours) d'E. pergandiella étaient les hôtes les plus propices au développement des ♀♀. Les hôtes de 9 et 7 jours ont été attaqués à un rythme semblable comme l'indique la faible proportion d'éclosion des hôtes, mais les ♀♀ éclosent plus rapidement dans le traitement de 9 jours que dans celui de 7 jours et ceci d'une manière significative. Le temps de développement des ♀♀ dans le traitement de 9 jours a été de 15±1 jours et de 16±1 dans le traitement de 7 jours (P〈0,005). La proportion d'hôtes éclos dans le traitement de 5 jours n'était pas vraiment différente de celle observée dans le traitement de contrôle. Ces résultats tendent à suggérer que la capacité colonisatrice d'E. pergandiella en serre serait limitée par un délai de 7 à 9 jours entre l'oviposition des œufs femelles et la réceptivité de ces femelles à l'oviposition des œufs mâles. Puisque le temps de développement des 2 sexes est semblable, ce délai devrait provoquer un manque de synchronisation dans l'éclosion et l'accouplement des femelles et des mâles F1.
    Notes: Abstract Encarsia pergandiella Howard females develop as primary parasitoids of immature whiteflies, whereas ♀♀ develop as secondary parasitoids on ♂♂ of their own species or on other primary whitefly parasitoids. In this experiment, maleE. pergandiella development was examined in the laboratory at 24°C, using different stages of immatureE. pergandiella females [enclosed within the cuticle ofTrialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood)] as hosts. Unmated adult femaleE. pergandiella were caged individually for 24 h on leaves of plants with either 5-day (early to late 3rd instar larval), 7-day (late 3rd instar to prepupal), or 9-day (pupal) hosts. In a control treatment, hosts were allowed to complete development without exposure to unmated adult females. Subsequent emergence of ♂♂ (hosts) and ♀♀ from all treatments was recorded daily. Pupal (9-day)E. pergandiella females were found to be the most suitable hosts for development of ♀♀. Nine- and 7-day hosts were attacked at a similar rate, as indicated by a similarly low proportion of host emergence, but ♀♀ emerged at a significantly higher rate in the 9-day treatment than in the 7-day treatment. Development time of ♀♀ was 15±1 days in the 9-day treatment, and 16±1 days in the 7-day treatment (p〈0.005). The proportion of hosts emerging from the 5-day treatment was not significantly different from the control treatment. The data suggest that the colonizing ability ofE. pergandiella in greenhouses is likely to be limited by the delay of 7–9 days between oviposition of female eggs and the suitability of these ♂♂ for oviposition of male eggs. Since development time of the 2 sexes is similar this delay should cause a lack of synchrony in the emergence and mating of F1 ♂♂ and ♀♀.
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