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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 71 (1992), S. 739-743 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Ohmic contacts produced by high-energy pulsed laser beam alloying Au/Te/Au/n-GaAs are investigated by micro Raman spectroscopy. The results are compared to those from furnace annealed ohmic contacts. For the furnace as well as for the laser annealed ohmic contacts, no evidence for a doping of the contact region is found in the Raman spectra. The presence of a highly disordered GaAs surface layer is observed for both types of contacts. In addition, after furnace processing a Ga2Te3 layer is formed. These results are consistent with earlier Mössbauer studies. For the laser alloyed samples the results strengthen the role of a defective/disordered interface structure where conduction might occur by a resonant tunneling process involving localized gap states.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 58 (1991), S. 598-600 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Polycrystalline silicon gate metal-oxide-semiconductor transistors, fabricated with polycrystalline silicon leads, were repeatedly electrically stressed by constant-current Fowler–Nordheim tunneling cycles. After every stress cycle the devices were annealed for various time intervals at 950 °C. Capacitance-voltage measurements were used to detect stress-related interface-state generation rates and saturation values. It was found that although the stress-generated interface states are totally annealed by the thermal treatment, their generation rates and saturation values after anneal are a strong function of the anneal time, significantly exceeding the values of the fresh devices and inversely dependent on the anneal time. From the results it is concluded that a new type of latent interface-state sites is generated by the combination of tunneling stress and high-temperature annealing.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 60 (1992), S. 186-188 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Polycrystalline silicon (poly) gate metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistors were electrically stressed by constant-current tunneling. After the stress the devices were thermally annealed for variable times in the temperature range between 800 and 950 °C, and a second tunneling stress was performed. Capacitance-voltage (C-V) curve broadening and a charge pumping (CP) technique were used to detect interface state generation. It was found that the stress generated interface states are totally annealed by the thermal treatment. On the other hand, generation rates and saturation values, due to the second stress after annealing, exceed those of the fresh devices. Analysis of the generation process indicates that two types of interface states are generated: one, similar in its generation rate and saturation value to that of a fresh device, and another one, which is characterized by a higher generation rate and saturation value, is attributed to a new type of latent site. The density of this new type of latent interface states site decays exponentially with the annealing time. The annealing rate follows a temperature-dependent Arrhenius function. The anneal of this new type of interface state is characterized by an activation energy of 3.47 eV.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 116 (1994), S. 2235-2242 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 95 (1973), S. 7923-7923 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 61 (1974), S. 407-407 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 5 (1994), S. 622-627 
    ISSN: 1573-4838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The interaction between blood and an artificial surface results in the activation of complement and can lead to extensive inflammatory reactions. In vitro work was undertaken to validate a system of assays to evaluate the complement activation of a candidate biomaterial by comparing its capacity of activation with that of reference biomaterials. The biomaterials tested were cellulose acetate, cellulose dialysis tubing, low density polyethylene, polydimethylsiloxane and AN69. Complement activation was assessed using ELISA for iC3b, C3a and Factor Bb. Results showed that (1) iC3b measurements may underestimate complement activation, (2) the presence of Bb in plasma or serum was a reliable indicator of complement activation, (3) measurements of C3a are of interest but are difficult, (4) adsorption or/and binding of complement proteins occured on the surface. Evaluation of complement activation for a biomaterial should include the assessment of the fluid phase (in serum or plasma) as well as the bound phase (on the surface of the biomaterial) of complement.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 12 (1993), S. 825-828 
    ISSN: 1573-4811
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 66 (1970), S. 190-200 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Investigations in 10 species showed that respiration of birds in flight is usually co-ordinated with wing beats, but the co-ordination is not obligatory. Respiration synchronous with wing beats (1∶1 co-ordination) was found only in pigeons and crows, the other species exhibited one of 11 other types of co-ordination. Quails, ducks and pheasants, birds with relatively high wing beat frequencies (with relatively small wings) showed a 5∶1 co-ordination. Within species, and even during a flight the type of co-ordination changed, and simultaneously there were sudden changes in the respiration frequency. For the most part, the beginning of inspiration was linked with the (end of) upstroke and the beginning of expiration with the end of downstroke.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 81 (1972), S. 363-380 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An schwirrenden Kolibris (Amazilia fimbriata fluviatilis, mittleres Gewicht 5,7 g) wurden O2-Verbrauch, CO2-Produktion, Atemfrequenz, respiratorische Wasserabgabe und Flügelschlagfrequenz gemessen. Die Versuche wurden bei Temperaturen von 0–35 ° C durchgeführt. Der O2-Verbrauch im Plug bei Temperaturen über 20 ° C beträgt 4,1 ml O2/min= 43 ml O2/g·h, was das 14fache des Basalstoffwechsels ist. Bei Erniedrigung der Umgebungstemperatur nimmt der O2-Verbrauch kontinuierlich um etwa 6% je 10 ° C zu (Abb. 3). Es wird beim Schwirrflug eine weitgehende Substitution der thermoregulatorisch notwendigen Wärmeproduktion durch die bei der Kontraktion der Flugmuskeln entstehende Wärmemenge angenommen. Es wurde die Atemfrequenz mit rund 280/min bestimmt, das Atemzugvolumen mit 0,63 ml (BTS), die Ventilation mit 0,18 l/min (BTS) und die Sauerstoffausnutzung mit 2,2% errechnet. Die respiratorische Wärmeabgabe beträgt bei Temperaturen bis 20 ° C weniger als 20% der Wärmeproduktion, bei 35 ° C wurde das Maximum von 40% gemessen (Abb. 6). Bei trockener Luft macht die respiratorische Wasserabgabe 2,9–4,6% (0–20 ° C) bzw. rund 11% (bei 35 ° C) des Körpergewichtes pro Stunde aus. Bei 0 ° C gleichen sich Wasserproduktion durch Stoffwechselvorgänge und respiratorische Abgabe, bei allen anderen Temperaturen überwiegt die Abgabe: bei 35 ° C beträgt der Netto verlast 350% der Produktion.
    Notes: Summary In hovering hummingbirds (Amazilia fimbriata fluviatilis, mean weight 5.7 g) oxygen consumption, CO2 production, breathing frequency, respiratory water loss and wing frequency were measured at various environmental temperatures from 0 to 35 ° C. The oxygen consumption above 20 ° C reached 4.1 ml/min = 43 ml/g·hr, and was 14 times the calculated basal rate. Oxygen consumption increased about 6% for a 10 ° C fall in environmental temperature (Fig. 3). During flight the thermoregulatory heat production at low temperatures was largely substituted by the heat that is produced by contraction of the wing muscles. The respiratory frequency was estimated to be 280/min, the tidal volume 0.63 ml (BTS), the ventilation 0.18 1/min (BTS) and the oxygen utilization as 2.2%. The respiratory heat loss at temperatures of 20 ° C and below was less than 20% of the heat production, while at 35 ° C a maximum loss of 40% was reached (Fig. 6). In dry air at 0–20° C the water loss measured 2.9 to 4.5% of body weight per hour while at 35 ° C the loss was 11%. At 0 ° C the respiratory water loss and metabolic water production were equal, but at all other temperatures the loss exceeded production (at 35 ° C the loss exceeded production by 350%).
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