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  • 1995-1999  (70)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Proficiency testing in analytical laboratories: how to make it work (1996)
    Springer
    Accreditation and quality assurance 1 (1996), S. 49-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0517
    Keywords: Key words Proficiency ; testing ; Fit for purpose ; Internal quality control ; Harmonised international protocol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  This paper covers the role of proficiency testing schemes in providing an occasional but objective means of assessing and documenting the reliability of the data produced by a laboratory, and in encouraging the production of data that are "fit-for-purpose". A number of aspects of proficiency testing are examined in order to highlight features critical for their successful implementation. Aspects that are considered are: accreditation, the economics and scope of proficiency testing schemes, methods of scoring, assigned values, the target value of standard deviation σp, the homogeneity of the distributed material, proficiency testing in relation to other quality assurance measures and whether proficiency testing is effective. Stress is placed on the importance of any proficiency testing scheme adhering to a protocol that is recognised, preferably internationally. It is also important that the results from the scheme are transparent to both participating laboratory and its "customer".
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007690050035
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Review of European Union requirements: quality standards for food analysis laboratories (1996)
    Springer
    Accreditation and quality assurance 1 (1996), S. 140-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0517
    Keywords: Key words European Union ; Quality ; Analysis ; Laboratory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  The European Union has prescribed strict quality standards for official food laboratories and the methods of analysis to be used in laboratories when carrying out official food control work. These requirements, which are based on accreditation, participation in proficiency testing schemes and using validated methods of analysis, are described in detail. The similar approach being taken within the Codex Alimentarius Commission is also outlined. The procedures prescribed will ensure that official food control laboratories have in place the measures to ensure that consistently reliable data can be produced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007690050052
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Basic steps towards a self-sustainable quality system and laboratory accreditation (1998)
    Springer
    Accreditation and quality assurance 3 (1998), S. 197-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0517
    Keywords: Key words Pathway ; Quality system ; Implementation ; Self-sustainable ; accreditation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  Laboratory managers are facing the task of altering the attitudes of themselves and their employees in order to implement a quality lifestyle, which is the prerequisite for successful implementation of a quality system complying with appropriate international standards. The alterations require a painstaking and constructive approach. Not all laboratories have the resources to secure the assistance of quality consultants. For those laboratory managers who have to find their way towards quality management on their own, some recommendations are given for a path towards a self-sustaining quality system. Several practical aspects of the basic steps in this path, which starts with assessing the current status of the laboratory and is followed by awareness building, are discussed. The recommendations are derived from the experience of the authors in their own laboratories.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007690050222
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement uncertainty – a reliable concept in food analysis and for the use of recovery data? (1998)
    Springer
    Accreditation and quality assurance 3 (1998), S. 231-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0517
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  Steps which are taken to implement the concept of measurement uncertainty in analytical chemical laboratories should take full account of existing internationally agreed protocols for analytical quality assurance and reflect the needs of particular analytical sectors. For the food sector this may mean that for official purposes the use of the term measurement uncertainty is replaced by the term measurement reliability and that a quantitative estimation of this is made based on existing collaborative trial data. In many analytical sectors, the differing strategies currently followed for the determination and use of recovery information are an important cause of the non-comparability of analytical results. Guidelines which are being prepared for the estimation and use of recovery information in analytical measurement may provide a more unified approach which includes measurement uncertainty as a key concept in the use of recovery data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007690050232
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SLIGA Based underwater weapon safety and arming system (1998)
    Springer
    Microsystem technologies 4 (1998), S. 168-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1858
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Technology
    Notes: Abstract  The Naval Surface Warfare Center, Indian Head Division (NSWCIHD) is applying microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technology to underwater weapon Safety and Arming (S&A) system development. MEMS technology provides an opportunity to develop a miniaturized S&A system that is more sophisticated with improved safety and reliability at a lower cost compared to current systems. An S&A system prevents premature initiation of the weapon while reliably ensuring initiation at the appropriate time. An S&A system uses multiple sensors and devices. In comparison with other weapon S&A systems, a critical aspect of underwater weapon S&A systems is the mechanical interlock system utilizing actuators and mechanical sensors. This paper describes the design, development and fabrication of S&A SLIGA device prototypes and of a SLIGA based S&A system. NSWCIHD worked with members of the HI-MEMS Alliance during design, development and fabrication. Advancements achieved by the HI-MEMS Alliance and SLIGA S&A design issues are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005420050123
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simulations of charge transport across a grain boundary in n-silicon bicrystals (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 83 (1998), S. 5543-5545 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Electron transport in Si low-angle bicrystals is analyzed by a novel Monte Carlo–molecular dynamics simulation scheme. The effect of discrete charges at the grain boundaries are studied and compared to results from one-dimensional treatments. The average grain boundary charge density strongly influences transport, and a field-dependent threshold effect is predicted. Details of the internal charge arrangement are shown to be relatively important at low fields and/or high grain boundary charge densities. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.367385
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiative divertor plasmas with convection in DIII-D : The 39th annual meeting of division of plasma physics of APS (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 5 (1998), S. 1736-1743 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The radiation of divertor heat flux on DIII-D [J. Luxon et al., in Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1987), p. 159] is shown to greatly exceed the limits imposed by assumptions of energy transport dominated by electron thermal conduction parallel to the magnetic field. Approximately 90% of the power flowing into the divertor is dissipated through low-Z radiation and plasma recombination. The dissipation is made possible by an extended region of low electron temperature in the divertor. A one-dimensional analysis of the parallel heat flux finds that the electron temperature profile is incompatible with conduction-dominated parallel transport. Plasma flow at up to the ion acoustic speed, produced by upstream ionization, can account for the parallel heat flux. Modeling with the two-dimensional fluid code UEDGE [T. Rognlien, J. L. Milovich, M. E. Rensink, and G. D. Porter, J. Nucl. Mater. 196–198, 347 (1992)] has reproduced many of the observed experimental features. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872842
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigation of physical processes limiting plasma density in high confinement mode discharges on DIII-D : The 38th annual meeting of the Division of Plasma Physics (DPP) of the American Physical Society (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 4 (1997), S. 1752-1760 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A series of experiments was conducted on the DIII-D tokamak [J. L. Luxon and L. G. Davis, Fusion Technol. 8, 441 (1985)] to investigate the physical processes which limit density in high confinement mode (H-mode) discharges. The typical H-mode to low confinement mode (L-mode) transition limit at high density near the empirical Greenwald density limit [M. Greenwald et al., Nucl. Fusion 28, 2199 (1988)] was avoided by divertor pumping, which reduced divertor neutral pressure and prevented formation of a high density, intense radiation zone (MARFE) near the X-point. It was determined that the density decay time after pellet injection was independent of density relative to the Greenwald limit and increased nonlinearly with the plasma current. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) activity in pellet-fueled plasmas was observed at all power levels, and often caused unacceptable confinement degradation, except when the neutral beam injected (NBI) power was ≤3 MW. Formation of MARFEs on closed field lines was avoided with low safety factor (q) operation but was observed at high q, qualitatively consistent with theory. By using pellet fueling and optimizing discharge parameters to avoid each of these limits, an operational space was accessed in which density ∼1.5×Greenwald limit was achieved for 600 ms, and good H-mode confinement was maintained for 300 ms of the density flat-top. More significantly, the density was successfully increased to the limit where a central radiative collapse was observed, the most fundamental density limit in tokamaks. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872277
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modeling of plume dynamics in laser ablation processes for thin film deposition of materials (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 3 (1996), S. 2203-2209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The transport dynamics of laser-ablated neutral/plasma plumes are of significant interest for film growth by pulsed-laser deposition of materials, since the magnitude and kinetic energy of the species arriving at the deposition substrate are key processing parameters. Dynamical calculations of plume propagation in vacuum and in background gas have been performed using particle-in-cell hydrodynamics, continuum gasdynamics, and scattering models. Results from these calculations are presented and compared with experimental observations. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871676
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Very high- and high-confinement mode limited discharges in DIII-D (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 3 (1996), S. 1005-1011 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The first observations of marginally limited very high confinement mode (VH-mode) discharges have been achieved in DIII-D [Nucl. Fusion Special Supplement: World Survey of Activities in Controlled Fusion Research (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1990)] with significant reductions in peak heat flux conducted to plasma facing surfaces. In addition, quasistationary well limited high confinement-mode (H-mode) discharges have been obtained in DIII-D, also with reduced peak heat flux. This demonstration of reduced peak heat flux while maintaining high performance, i.e., high energy confinement time, can be important for the design of fusion ignition devices. Energy confinement enhancements in these high triangularity discharges are comparable to diverted discharges with similar parameters: τE/τITER-89P=2.9 for VH-mode and τE/τITER-89P=1.8 for quasistationary high confinement mode (H mode), where τITER-89P is the empirically derived low confinement mode (L-mode) energy confinement scaling relation [Nucl. Fusion 30, 1999 (1990)]. Comparisons of the conducted heat flux, particle flux, and radiated power profiles show a shift toward the inner wall as the discharge configuration becomes more limited. In addition to the advantage of reduced peak heat flux in these limiter discharges, such configurations also allow more effective use of the internal vessel volume, providing the potential for higher performance, i.e., higher plasma current at a fixed safety factor, q95. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871811
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