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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impact of rainfall regime on the decomposition of leaf litter with contrasting quality under subhumid tropical conditions (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 20 (1995), S. 8-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Decomposition ; N release ; Rainfall pattern ; Residue quality ; Hedgerow species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In alley-cropping systems, hedgerow trees are regularly cut back. Losses of N released from the decomposing prunings are minimized when N release is synchronized with crop N demand. In this study, the sensitivity of the decomposition of Leucaena leucocephala, Senna siamea, and Dactyladenia barteri leaf litter to the nature of the rainfall regime is correlated with the residue quality. The litterbag technique was used to measure decomposition. Four periods of 115 days, each starting at a time when hedgerow trees are normally pruned, were selected and the rain that fell during each of these periods in 1986 was simulated on a day-to-day basis by applying irrigation water on the litterbags. The number of rainfall events was better correlated with the percentage dry matter loss than with the total amount of precipitation. The relationship consisted of two lines. The slope of the first line, indicative of the sensitivity of the decomposition to varying numbers of rainfall events, correlated well with the watersoluble fraction (P〈0.05), the C:N ratio (P〈0.05), and the polyphenol: N ratio (P〈0.01) of the residues. The decomposition process was shown to be dominated by microbial catabolism, rather than leaching. Because the decomposition of the higher quality residues is affected by varying rainfall patterns and because rainfall may often be unpredictable in frequency and intensity, synchronization of N released from a significant part of the decomposing residue with crop N demand may require additional management practices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307835
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mineral N dynamics in bare and cropped Leucaena leucocephala and Dactyladenia barteri alley cropping systems after the addition of 15N-labelled leaf residues (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 49 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In tropical cropping systems with few external inputs, efficient management of mineral N derived from added organic residues is essential for the proper functioning of the system. We studied the dynamics of mineral nitrogen (N) in the top 100 cm of soil with a system of tensiometers and suction cups after applying 15N-labelled Leucaena leucocephala and Dactyladenia barteri residues to bare and cropped microplots installed in the respective alley cropping systems, and followed the fate of the N for two maize-cowpea rotations (1992 and 1993).Fifty days after applying the residues (DDA), 20% of the added residue N was found in the soil profile of the bare Leucaena treatment, and 5% under Dactyladenia, compared with 5% and 1%, respectively, where cropped. All values decreased to about 1% after 505 days. In the cropped soil, no mineral N derived from the residues was lost by leaching during the first 6 weeks.As the maize grew, the soil profile was gradually depleted of nitrate to near Zero in the Dactyladenia treatment, whereas during the cowpea season the amount of nitrate N increased to 36 kg N ha−1 for the Leucaena treatment, and 26 kg N ha−1 for the Dactyladenia treatment. The soil of the bare microplots contained substantially more nitrate N (98 and 47 kg N ha-1 during the first year on average, under Leucaena and Dactyladenia, respetively) than that of the cropped microplots, except during the 1993 cowpea season. Nitrate residing in the subsoil (80–100 cm) in the bare treatments was not readily leached to deeper soil. The risk of losses of native mineral N was greatest during the first 50 DAA and to a lesser extent during the cowpea seasons. Improved management of the hedgerows could increase the potential of the hedgerow trees to recycle mineral N.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.1998.4930417.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil Organic Matter Dynamics after Addition of Nitrogen-15-Labeled Leucaena and Dactyladenia (1998)
    Springer
    Soil Science Society of America journal 62 (1998), S. 461-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-0661
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: 15 N-labeled leucaena [Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit] and dactyladenia [Dactyladenia barteri (Hook f ex Oliv.) Engl.] leaf residues was followed through the SOM of different particle-size fractions during 858 d. A bioassay study with maize (Zea mays L.) was carried out to assess the availability of residue-derived N (RDN) incorporated in the particle-size fractions. At 53 d after residue application (DAA), most of the RDN was found in the fraction between 0.250 and 2 mm (O250) in the leucaena treatment and in the fraction 〉2 mm and the surface litter (O2000 + SL) in the dactyladenia treatment. The RDN content of all fractions 〈0.250 mm was significantly higher in the leucaena than in the dactyladenia treatment up to 471 DAA. The proportion of the total amount of RDN recovered in the fractions 〈2 mm shifted toward the smaller particle-size classes near the end of the experiment. Highly significant (P〈0.001) relationships between RDN present in the particulate organic matter (POM) and uptake of RDN by maize indicated the relatively high availability of RDN in the POM. Fractionating the SOM pool into different particle-size classes yielded useful information on the relative contributions of the different SOM fractions to N turnover and availability. This information is needed in identifying SOM pools with direct relevance to plant nutrition in low-input cropping systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recovery of Leucaena and Dactyladenia Residue Nitrogen-15 in Alley Cropping System (1998)
    Springer
    Soil Science Society of America journal 62 (1998), S. 454-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-0661
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: 15 N-labeled leucaena [Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit] and dactyladenia [Dactyladenia barteri (Hook f ex Oliv.) Engl.] leaf residues was followed in the soil, crop, and hedgerow of the respective alley cropping systems during three maize (Zea mays L.) and two cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp. subsp. unguiculata) seasons. More residue N was recovered in the top 5 cm of soil in the leucaena than in the dactyladenia microplot during the first 471 d after residue application (DAA). The first maize crop recovered 8.6 and 5.2% of the N from leucaena and dactyladenia, respectively, while the two subsequent crops recovered 〈1%. The cowpea plants in the leucaena and dactyladenia microplots contained 0.5 and 1.1% of the residue N in the first harvest. Sixteen and 9% of the residue N was recovered by the leucaena hedgerow in the first and second pruning following residue application. The dactyladenia hedges recovered maximally 3.1% of the residue N in a single pruning. The total N recovery in the leucaena microplots was ≈90% at 120 and 471 DAA, compared with 56 and 35% in the dactyladenia microplots. At 858 DAA, 62% of the added leucaena N was accounted for, compared with 25% of the dactyladenia N. Residue quality was shown to have a major impact on the dynamics of applied residue N in alley cropping systems and will be an important factor in deciding which residue-supplying plant species to integrate into similar cropping systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alley cropping in the moist savanna of West-Africa: I. Restoration and maintenance of soil fertility on ’terre de barre‘ soils in Bénin Republic (1998)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 42 (1998), S. 213-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Gliricidia sepium ; Leucaena leucocephala ; maize grain yield ; N accumulation ; Senna siamea ; wood biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The potential of alley cropping systems supplied with a limited amount of fertilizer to restore crop productivity on a degraded site and to maintain crop productivity on a recently cleared, non-degraded site on ‘terre de barre‘ soils in Southern Bénin was investigated from 1994 to 1996. Leucaena leucocephala, Senna siamea and Gliricidia sepium were used as hedgerow species. Maize yields of the no-tree control plots dropped from the initial (1990) 401 kg ha−1 and 2181 kg ha−1 on the degraded and non-degraded sites, respectively, to 109 kg ha−1 and 1346 kg ha−1 in 1996, even with application of a minimal amount of mineral fertilizer. The alley cropping systems produced on average (mean of three treatments and three years) 107% more grain than the initial 1990 values on the degraded site and 11% less grain than the initial 1990 values on the non-degraded site. Especially the Senna and to a lesser degree the Leucaena treatment yielded consistently more grain than the control. The Senna trees contained a larger amount of N and produced more wood during the first pruning on the degraded site (155 kg N ha−1 and 14.0 ton fresh wood ha−1) than on the non-degraded site (49 kg N ha−1 and 6.6 ton fresh wood ha−1) most likely because of differences in subsoil fertility, as indicated by the higher clay, exchangeable bases, and N content between 60 and 125 cm cm. N accumulation and wood production by the Leucaena and Gliricidia trees was similar in both sites (82 and 36 kg N ha−1 and 4.6 and 9.3 ton fresh wood ha−1, respectively). When a limited amount of fertilizer is available, Senna appears to be the best choice as hedgerow species on sites with a relatively fertile subsoil. For other soils, a N2-fixing species may be a better choice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006114116095
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alley cropping in the moist savanna of West-Africa: II. Impact on soil productivity in a North-to-South transect in Togo (1998)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 42 (1998), S. 229-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Albizia lebbeck ; Gliricidia sepium ; Leucaena leucocephala ; maize grain yield ; N accumulation ; Senna siamea ; wood biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The moist savanna of West-Africa is characterized by a wide range of climates and soil types. The impact of the biophysical environment on hedgerow N uptake, wood production and maize grain yield was assessed for three years in three alley cropping trials with a selected number of hedgerow species in Glidji (Southern Togo), Amoutchou (Central Togo), and Sarakawa (Northern Togo). Senna siamea hedgerows accumulated significantly more N in the first pruning in Glidji (129−138 kg N ha−1) and Sarakawa (102−185 kg N ha−1) than in Amoutchou (17–26 kg N ha−1). This difference in N uptake was attributed to the infertile subsoil in Amoutchou, which was sandy up to 1 m and had a shallow groundwater-table. The amount of N accumulated in the Gliricidia sepium biomass varied between 38 kg N ha−1 in Glidji and 142 kg N ha−1 in Amoutchou. Averaged over all species and sites, 9 to 29% and 9 to 39% of the annual N accumulation in the hedgerow biomass is incorporated in the second, respectively third pruning. The Gliricidia trees produced between 12 and 26 ton fresh matter ha−1 of wood and the Senna trees between 4 and 38 ton fresh matter ha−1. Maize grain yield in Glidji was not affected by treatments (3196 kg ha−1, on average). In Amoutchou, the highest grain production was observed in the Gliricidia treatment (2774 kg ha−1 vs 1007 kg ha−1 in the control), while in Sarakawa, the Gliricidia (3786 kg ha−1) and Senna (3842 kg ha−1) plots produced a greater grain yield than the control plots (2123 kg ha−1). Maize yield increase in the alley cropping systems relative to the control plots was related to the soil total N content. Top and sub-soil characteristics were shown to be an important modifier of the functioning of alley cropping systems and should be taken into account when deciding on whether to use alley cropping and when selecting the hedgerow species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006124317003
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alley cropping in the moist savanna of West-Africa: III. Soil organic matter fractionation and soil productivity (1998)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 42 (1998), S. 245-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Albizia lebbeck ; Gliricidia sepium ; Leucaena leucocephala ; particle size classes ; particulate organic matter ; Senna siamea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In cropping systems with limited amounts of external inputs, the soil organic matter pool (SOM) may contribute significantly to plant nutrition. The impact of organic inputs on total SOM and particulate organic matter (POM) N contents as affected by soil type and the relationships between sources of N and maize N uptake were assessed for a set of alley cropping trials in the West- African moist savanna. The trials were established in Niaouli (Bénin Republic), in Glidji, Amoutchou, and Sarakawa (Togo), and in Bouaké and Ferkessédougou (Côte d‘ Ivoire). The total soil N content, averaged over all treatments and years, varied between 324 and 1140 mg N kg−1 soil. The POM-N content varied between 50 and 160 mg N kg−1 soil. The average proportion of soil N belonging to the POM pool ranged between 9% and 29%. This was significantly related to the annual N inputs from maize stover and prunings, when averaged over the different alley cropping treatments. The trial ‘age‘ also appeared to be related to the impact of the different treatments on the POM-N content. The Ferkessédougou soil contained a relatively higher proportion of total soil N in the POM pool because of its relatively high silt and clay content, compared to the other sites. The relative change in POM-N content between 1996 and the initial sampling was about twice the relative change in total soil N content. This suggests that N incorporated in the POM is relatively labile, compared to N incorporated in the other SOM fractions. Maize N uptake was related to the amount of add pruning-N (partial r2 of 27%), the rainfall during the growing season (partial r2 of 17%), the POM-N content (partial r2 of 14%), and to a lesser degree to the POM N concentration (partial r2 of 5%), the fertilizer N addition rate (partial r2 of 3%), and the silt and clay content of the soil (partial r2 of 3%). The POM-N content was shown to be influenced by organic matter additions and soil characteristics and to contribute significantly to maize N supply. This pool may be an important indicator for the soil fertility status of savanna soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006128401073
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial and temporal gradients of earthworm casting activity in alley cropping systems (1998)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 41 (1998), S. 127-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Dactyladenia bateri ; Eudrilus eugeniae ; Hyperiodrilus africanus ; Leucaena leucocephala ; Senna siamea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The amounts of earthworm surface casts were monitored for 200 days after commencement of casting in three alley cropping experiments of different ages and hedgerow species. Casts were collected twice per week in transects from under the hedgerow to the middle of the interrow space. Average annual cumulative amounts of casts were higher in alley cropping systems with one to five years of cropping than in the no-tree control. After five years of cropping, amounts of casts were similar in all treatments. Within the alley cropping systems, casting activity was highest immediately under the hedgerows and decreased towards the middle of the interrow space. In systems using Leucaena leucocephala as hedgerow species, the hedgerow to interrow space gradient of casting activity became more pronounced with increasing length of cropping. Casting activity in the interrow space was reduced by 12%, 55%, 80% and 86% in the first, fourth, sixth and seventh year of cropping, respectively, compared to the casting activity under the hedgerows. Senna siamea, which produced a more recalcitrant mulch, did not show such a strong decline in casting in the interrow space. In a Dactyladenia barteri system, the difference in casting between interrow space and hedgerows was insignificant. With perpendicular distance from the hedge, largest gradients in casting activity occurred close to the hedgerows with up to −4.00 Mg ha−1 cm−1 in L. leucocephala but only −1.23 and −0.76 Mg ha−1 cm−1 in S. siamea and D. barteri, respectively. The shading effect of trees and a relatively low level of soil disturbance is apparently more beneficial for earthworms in a cropped system than a high supply of readily available food from fast decomposing L. leucocephala prunings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006035119108
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Management of biological N2 fixation in alley cropping systems: Estimation and contribution to N balance (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 174 (1995), S. 119-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: decomposition ; isotope dilution ; 15N ; mineralization ; nodulation ; N use efficiency ; residue management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Alley cropping is being widely tested in the tropics for its potential to sustain adequate food production with low agricultural inputs, while conserving the resource base. Fast growth and N yield of most trees used as hedgerows in alley cropping is due greatly to their ability to fix N2 symbiotically with Rhizobium. Measurements of biological N2 fixation (BNF) in alley cropping systems show that some tree species such as Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia sepium and Acacia mangium can derive between 100 and 300 kg N ha-1 yr−1 from atmospheric N2, while species such as Faidherbia albida and Acacia senegal might fix less than 20 kg N ha-1 yr-1. Other tree species such as Senna siamea and S. spectabilis are also used in alley cropping, although they do not nodulate and therefore do not fix N2. The long-term evaluation of the potential or actual amounts of N2 fixed in trees however, poses problems that are associated with their perennial nature and massive size, the great difficulty in obtaining representative samples and applying reliable methodologies for measuring N2 fixed. Strategies for obtaining representative samples (as against the whole tree or destructive plant sampling), the application of 15N procedures and the selection criteria for appropriate reference plants have been discussed. Little is known about the effect of environmental factors and management practices such as tree cutting or pruning and residue management on BNF and eventually their N contribution in alley cropping. Data using the 15N labelling techniques have indicated that up to 50% or more of the tree's N may be below ground after pruning. In this case, quantification of N2 fixed that disregards roots, nodules and crowns would result in serious errors and the amount of N2 fixed may be largely underestimated. Large quantities of N are harvested with hedgerow prunings (〉300 kg N ha-1 yr-1) but N contribution to crops is commonly in the range of 40–70 kg N ha-1 season. This represents about 30% of N applied as prunings; however, N recoveries as low as 5–10% have been reported. The low N recovery in maize (Zea mays) is partly caused by lack of synchronization between the hedgerow trees N release and the associated food crop N demand. The N not taken up by the associated crop can be immobilized in soil organic matter or assimilated by the hedgerow trees and thus remain in the system. This N can also be lost from the system through denitrification, volatilization or is leached beyond the rooting zone. Below ground contribution (from root turnover and nodule decay) to an associated food crop in alley cropping is estimated at about 25–102 kg N ha-1 season-1. Timing and severity of pruning may allow for some management of underground transfer of fixed N2 to associated crops. However many aspects of root dynamics in alley cropping systems are poorly understood. Current research projects based on 15N labelling techniques or 15N natural abundance measurements are outlined. These would lead to estimates of N2 fixation and N saving resulting from the management of N2 fixation in alley cropping systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00032244
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of symbiotic properties and nitrogen contribution of mucuna to maize grown in the derived savanna of West Africa (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 179 (1996), S. 119-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: herbaceous legumes ; moist savanna ; mycorrhiza ; nodulation ; nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The severity and increase of the Imperata cylindrica constraint as a weed, the decline of the traditional fallow systems as a means of soil fertility management and the lack of inorganic fertilizer appear to have created opportunities for adoption of mucuna (Mucuna pruriens) technology by smallholder farmers in some areas in the derived savanna of West Africa. What is not known, however, is the extent to which the establishment and N contribution of mucuna in these areas depend on symbiotic properties such as effective nodulation and mycorrhizal infection. Short term surveys carried out in 34 farmer's arable fields located in four different sites in the derived savanna, southern Benin, West Africa, together with results of greenhouse and field experiments showed that mycorrhizal infection rate of mucuma ranged from 2 to 31% and correlated positively with nodulation and shoot dry matter production. Nodulation occurred in 79% of the fields with numbers of nodules ranging from 0 to 135 plant−1. Mucuna responded both to inoculation and N fertilizer in degraded soils but growth response depended on the rhizobia strains and mucuna varieties. Mucuna accumulated in 12 weeks about 313 kg N ha−1 as either a sole crop or 166 kg N ha−1 when mixed/intercropped with maize, respectively. Across all cropping systems it derived an average of 70% of its N from atmospheric N2 (estimates made by the 15N isotope dilution method), representing 167 kg N ha−1 per 12 weeks in the field. Mucuna interplanted with maize obtained a greater proportion of its nitrogen (74%) from fixation than did mucuna grown alone (66%) suggesting that competition for soil N influences the proportion of nitrogen fixed by mucuna. The total amount of N2 fixed per hectare was, however, reduced significantly by intercropping mucuna with maize. A preceding mucuna crop provided a maize yield equivalent to 120 kg N kg ha−1 of inorganic N fertilizer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011649
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