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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Key words: Cysteine endopeptidase ; Endosperm ; Microbody ; Ricinus ; Seed germination ; Senescence ; targeting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. A papain-type cysteine endopeptidase with a molecular mass of 35 kDa for the mature enzyme, was purified from germinating castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) endosperm by virtue of its capacity to process the glyoxysomal malate dehydrogenase precursor protein to the mature subunit in vitro (C. Gietl et al., 1997, Plant Physiol 113: 863–871). The cDNA clones from endosperm of germinating seedlings and from developing seeds were isolated and sequence analysis revealed that a very similar or identical peptidase is synthesised in both tissues. Sequencing established a presequence for co-translational targeting into the endoplasmic reticulum, an N-terminal propeptide and a C-terminal KDEL motif for the castor bean cysteine endopeptidase precursor. The 45-kDa pro-enzyme stably present in isolated organelles was enzymatically active. Immunocytochemistry with antibodies raised against the purified cysteine endopeptidase revealed highly specific labelling of ricinosomes, organelles which co-purify with glyoxysomes from germinating Ricinus endosperm. The cysteine endopeptidase from castor bean endosperm, which represents a senescing tissue, is homologous to cysteine endopeptidases from other senescing tissues such as the cotyledons of germinating mung bean (Vigna mungo) and vetch (Vicia sativa), the seed pods of maturing French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and the flowers of daylily (Hemerocallis sp.).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Advanced performance materials 5 (1998), S. 137-151 
    ISSN: 1572-8765
    Keywords: aircraft nondestructive inspection ; certification ; composite structures ; D Sight ; impact damage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A D Sight Aircraft Inspection System (DAIS 500) large area composite impact damage detection capability has been demonstrated using several structures. In order to obtain equivalent impact damage depths, the IM7/5250-4 structures had to be subjected to much higher impact energies than conventional AS4/3501-6 structures. It is postulated that the application of DAIS with its better than visual inspection sensitivity could lead to both increased design allowables and an alternate approach to certification of composite structures based on impact cumulative probability of occurrence. Further evidence of impact indent depth relaxation (over 30%) was observed. Indent relaxation may have significant implications with respect to the airworthiness of composite structures designed to BVID (barely visible impact damage) limits since this relaxation makes the damage site less apparent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    New forests 13 (1997), S. 253-277 
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: planting site ; planting stock quality ; reforestation ; seedling physiology ; seedling quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Root Growth Potential (RGP) has become the most commonly used and reported measure of seedling quality. It has also been used to predict field performance after planting, but not everyone agrees that this is an appropriate use. The authors were solicited by the “Making the Grade” Organizing Committee to engage in a debate on the topic “Does Root Growth Potential (RGP) predict Field Performance” with D. G. Simpson arguing the affirmative position and G. A. Ritchie the negative. Simpson's key debate points are: (1) RGP predicts actual field performance when trees are dead __ dead trees do not grow, (2) RGP predicts field performance potential when water uptake is dependent on new root growth, and (3) RGP is a practical tool to monitor and improve reforestation system performance. Ritchie, arguing against the proposition, maintains that: (1) the logic which underlies the dependence of Field Performance on rapid root growth after planting is flawed, i.e. root growth immediately following planting rarely occurs because soils during the planting season are generally below the threshold temperature for root growth, and (2) RGP does not provide enough information about the complex of interacting factors which control Field Performance to give reliable, consistent predictions. The authors conclude by proposing a conceptual model which accommodates both positions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: endoplasmic reticulum ; chaperones ; storage protein accumulation ; transport mutant ; Hordeum vulgare
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Russian barley cultivar Nevsky lacks γ3 hordein and accumulates most of its hordein in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and only a minor portion in the vacuole. In wild type barley and all other temperate cereals, storage proteins are deposited in the vacuole. F1 crosses revealed that the Nevsky phenotype is recessive; but the extent of hordein accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum in F2 endosperm lacking γ3 hordein was very much less than in the Nevsky parent. In order to study the Nevsky endosperm phenotype we have measured the levels of seven proteins and two mRNAs involved in protein folding in the ER lumen or ER to Golgi transport during endosperm development. The protein levels were unaltered in Nevsky as compared to the wild-type variety Bomi. When the levels of these seven proteins were correlated with the rate of hordein accumulation, four of these (HSP70, PDI, Sar1p and Sec18p) were consistently up-regulated with hordein synthesis. Accumulation of hordein in the endoplasmic reticulum appears to be determined by the absence of γ3 hordein, or the product of a gene closely linked to it, plus one or more other recessive genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: volatile hydrocarbons ; observations and computer modelling ; tropospheric concentrations ; long range transport ; emission validation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Observations and model calculations of the concentration of hydrocarbonsat five Scandinavian rural sites during March–June 1993are reported.Decreasing concentrations from March to June are observedat all sites. The highest concentrations of hydrocarbons were found in air massescoming in from the southwest to southeast, indicating that long rangetransport fromcontinental Europe and the U.K. is important in pollution episodes. An episode of elevated concentrations of hydrocarbons observed at three of the sites in the middle of Marchis described and discussed in relation to the synoptic situation and thepresenceof other chemical compounds (NO2, PAN, total nitrate andozone).A Lagrangian numerical model is used to calculate the concentrations of theindividual hydrocarbons at the fivesites and comparison with observations is made.The calculated concentrations for nonmethane hydrocarbons with quite longchemicallifetimes agree well with the observations.For the sum of observed and calculated hydrocarbons the correlationcoefficientsare in the range of 0.65–0.88 for the five sitesand the ratio between calculated and measured concentrations was0.72–0.97, indicating thatthe European VOC emission inventory is quite well estimated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: total nitrate ; total ammonium ; ozone ; filter pack ; denuder ; numerical modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Observations of the concentration of several nitrogen containing compounds at five rural Scandinavian sites during March–June 1993 are reported. Total nitrate (NO 3 - + HNO3) and total ammonium (NH 4 + + NH3) were measured by denuder and filter pack. In general the methods agree well. At all sites the particulate fraction dominated, with the largest fraction of NO 3 - and the lowest of NH 4 + at the sites which were closest to the emission sources. The fraction of NO 3 - of total nitrate increased with increasing NO2 concentrations, indicating that the nighttime conversion of NO2 to NO 3 - is an important route of formation for NO 3 - . A positive correlation was found between HNO3 and O3 in June at all sites, while no correlation was found early in the spring. Model calculations were made with a lagrangian boundary layer photooxidant model for the whole period, and compared to the measured concentrations. The calculated ratio between mean observed and modelled daily maximum concentrations of ozone over the measurement period were within +/−10% at all sites. The models ability to describe the daily ozone maximum concentration was satisfactory with an average deviation of 19–22% from the observed concentrations. HNO3 was underestimated by over 50% at all sites except the one closest to the emission sources. The correlation between modelled and observed concentrations was generally best for the sites with shortest transport distance from the sources of emission.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 20 (1995), S. 163-177 
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: Air pollution models ; hydrocarbon reactivity ; ozone ; photo-oxidants ; POCP values
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Several studies have shown that in qualitative terms VOCs can be ranked in terms of their importance to ozone formation in Europe, using a so-called photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP). However, all studies showed significant variability in the quantitative POCP values assigned to each VOC species. In this paper, we make use of a complex photochemical oxidant model to quantify how the reaction time-scales of emitted VOC and their reaction products vary with geographical location and time of year. The model is used to evaluate monthly POCP values for 9 hydrocarbon and oxygenated VOC compounds for a cross-section across Europe. Calculations are presented to illustrate the gradients in POCP values of one species,n-butane, across the whole of Europe for April and June 1989. We discuss some of the factors responsible for these variations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 211 (1998), S. 257-271 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Cyperaceae ; Phylogeny ; rbcL ; parsimony ; subfamilial classification ; tribal classification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The phylogeny of suprageneric groups inCyperaceae has been examined by cladistic analysis ofrbcL sequence data of 80 species in 40 genera. The results support the family as monophyletic and derived from a juncaceous grade.Oxychloe (Juncaceae) has moderate support as the sister taxon toCyperaceae. Several monophyletic groups correspond to previously recognised tribes, and some similarities are noted between this analysis and previous cladistic analyses of primarily morphological data. Support is also given for the removal ofHellmuthia from tribeHypolytreae, the transfer ofIsolepis nodosa toFicinia, and the inclusion ofOxycaryum andKyllingiella in tribeCypereae. A polytomy comprisingCyperus, Juncellus, Kyllinga andPycreus indicates a broader circumscription ofCyperus. The greatest uncertainty lies with the generic and tribal status of theScirpeae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 250 (1996), S. 750-760 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key words lys3a ; CpG island ; Transient expression ; Particle bombardment ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  B- and C-hordein gene transcription is severely reduced in the endosperm of the regulatory barley mutant lys3a, and this is correlated with persistent hypermethylation of the promoters. In contrast, D-hordein is expressed at normal levels in the mutant. To confirm the connection between methylation and transcriptional activity, a genomic D-hordein clone was isolated and sequenced. The nucleotide composition of the promoter region revealed a CpG island and methylation analysis, using bisulphite treatment of genomic DNA, confirmed that the D-hordein promoter is unmethylated in endosperm and leaf tissue. Immunocytochemical studies localized D-hordein to the reticular component of protein bodies in both the wild-type Bomi and lys3a. Transient expression of GUS reporter gene constructs in barley endosperm, following transfection by particle bombardment revealed the D-hordein promoter to be 3–5 fold more active than B- or C-hordein promoters. Comparison of transient expression in Bomi and lys3a endosperm demonstrated that the activities of the unmethylated D-hordein and the Hor1-14 C-hordein promoters were equivalent, while the activities in the mutant of the Hor1-17 C-hordein and the Hor2-4 B-hordein promoters were reduced two- and tenfold, respectively. Methylation of plasmids in vitro prior to expression severely inhibited B- and D-hordein promoter activities. Based on these observations two categories of promoters for endosperm-specific expression of storage proteins are recognized and a model involving methylation and modulation of chromatin structure in the regulation by the Lys3 gene is presented.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: lys3a ; CpG island ; Transient expression ; Particle bombardment ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract B- and C-hordein gene transcription is severely reduced in the endosperm of the regulatory barley mutantlys3a, and this is correlated with persistent hypermethylation of the promoters. In contrast, D-hordein is expressed at normal levels in the mutant. To confirm the connection between methylation and transcriptional activity, a genomic D-hordein clone was isolated and sequenced. The nucleotide composition of the promoter region revealed a CpG island and methylation analysis, using bisulphite treatment of genomic DNA, confirmed that the D-hordein promoter is unmethylated in endosperm and leaf tissue. Immunocytochemical studies localized D-hordein to the reticular component of protein bodies in both the wild-type Bomi andlys3a. Transient expression ofGUS reporter gene constructs in barley endosperm, following transfection by particle bombardment revealed the D-hordein promoter to be 3–5 fold more active than B-or C-hordein promoters. Comparison of transient expression in Bomi andlys3a endosperm demonstrated that the activities of the unmethylated D-hordein and theHor1-14 C-hordein promoters were equivalent, while the activities in the mutant of theHor1-17 C-hordein and theHor2-4 B-hordein promoters were reduced two- and tenfold, respectively. Methylation of plasmids in vitro prior to expression severely inhibited B- and D-hordein promoter activities. Based on these observations two categories of promoters for endosperm-specific expression of storage proteins are recognized and a model involving methylation and modulation of chromatin structure in the regulation by theLys3 gene is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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