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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen (translated by E. Pascual) El Instituto Geológico e Mineiro (IGM) ha desarrollado en un proyecto de exploración de sulfuros masivos polimetálicos en el segmento NW de la Faja Pirítica Ibérica (IPB), en un área comprendida entre Grândola y Alcácer do Sal. La zona nunca había sido investigada previamente para sulfuros polimetálicos. Los caracteres geológicos y estructurales del sector son peculiares, por cuanto cualquier posible formación del Paleozoico superior, de edad carbonífera inferior, que pudiera contener sulfuros masivos polimetálicos estaría oculta bajo los depósitos cenozoicos de la cuenca terciaria de Baixo-Sado. El principal método de exploración usado en este área de alto riesgo al N de la falla de Grândola ha sido la gravimetría. El sector mostró varias zonas de interés, entre las cualessa destacaba la de Valverde-Lagoa Salgada, en donde en Agosto de 1992 se encontró un yacimiento de sulfuros masivos polimetálicos, llamado Lagoa Salgada. De acuerdo con las características geológicas del área y la naturaleza de los objetivos estudiados se usaron otras técnicas de prospección, concretamente geología, magnetometría, resistividad, sondeos eléctricos, prospección magnetotelúrica, sísmica y sondeos mecánicos. Bajo una cubierta terciaria de 128 m de grueso se encontró el depósito completo, con un gossan de 15 m de grosor, producido por paleoalteración, y zona de enriquecimiento supergénico. El gossan da paso a sulfuros masivos cuyas intersecciones, en ocasiones, sobrepasan los 60 m. Éstos son limitados dos a muro por una importante falla con fuerte caolinización asociada, interpretada como una falla inversa en el flanco inverso de una estructura anticlinal. La composición química de la mineralización muestra fuertes variaciones en todo el depósito, con valores significativos en Zn, Pb, Sn, Cu, As, Hg, Sb, Cd, Au y Ag. En su fase inicial, el yacimiento es de tamaño medio (tonelaje estimado ∼ 5 Mt). Se relaciona con una gran anomalía de gravedad, de orientación general NW-SE, investigada mediante 15 sondeos llevados a cabo por el IGM. Los sondeos cortan un importante centro volcánico de naturaleza intermedia, alrededor del cual se desarrolló una intensa actividad hidrotermal asociada con la mineralización contemporánea de sulfuros masivos. La anomalía de gravedad tiene dos núcleos, uno al NW y otro central, a unos 450 m del primero, en las que se desarrollaron respectivamente una masa de pirita con sulfuros polimetálicos y una mineralización de sulfuros de tipo stockwork. Este descubrimiento ha conducido a un extenso proyecto de exploración que ha confirmado el potencial minero del sector NW de la IPB, al N de la falla de Grândola, en donde no se conocía previamente la existencia de sulfuros masivos. Un consorcio formado por la Sociedade Mineira Rio Artezia (Grupo RTZ) y la Empresa de Desenvolvimento Mineiro (EDM) se ha interesado por el potencial minero del área Valverde-Lagoa Salgada. El IGM cesó sus actividades en 1993.
    Notes: Abstract Gravimetry was the main exploration method used in this high risk area to the north of the Grândola fault, in the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB). It showed several targets, among which the Valverde-Lagoa Salgada area stood out. Here, in August 1992, a polymetallic massive sulphide orebody was found, named Lagoa Salgada. According to the geological characteristics of the area and to the nature of the surveyed targets, other exploration techniques were used, namely: geology, magnetometry, resistivity, electrical sounding, magneto-telluric, seismic and mechanical drilling. The deposit was found under a Tertiary cover, 128 m in depth, complete with a 15 m thick gossan, caused by paleoalteration, with a supergene enrichment zone. This gossan gave way to massive sulphides, with intersections, at times, exceeding 60 m. They are limited towards the footwall by an important fault with strong associated kaolinization, which is interpreted as a reverse fault, placed on the inverse limb of an anticlinal structure. Throughout the deposit, the chemical composition of the mineralization showed great variation reaching significant values of Zn, Pb, Sn, Cu, As, Hg, Sb, Cd, Au and Ag. In the initial phase the deposit has an estimated tonnage of 5 Mt. It is related to a large gravity anomaly with the general orientation NW-SE, which was investigated by 15 boreholes made by the Instituto Geológico e Mineiro. The drilling cut an important volcanic centre of an acid to intermediate nature, around which intense hydrothermal activity was associated with contemporaneous sulphide mineralization. The gravity anomaly has two nuclei, a NW and a central one, about 450 m apart, where a pyrite orebody with polymetallic sulphides and stockwork sulphide mineralization are developed. This discovery led to an extensive exploration project that confirmed the mining potentialities of the NW sector of the IPB, to the north of Grândola fault, where previously no polymetallic sulphide occurrences were known.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 44 (1996), S. 620-623 
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A large cassette, 4.6 × 103 bases (4.6 kb) in length, containing an inducible expression system (the yeast CUP1 promoter fused to the Escherichia coli lacZ structural gene) and a bacterial neomycin-resistance gene (neo) has been cloned into the noncoding region of a GAL1-regulated Ty1 retrotransposon. Galactose was used to induce retrotransposition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and cells containing integrations were selected by resistance to the aminoglycoside G418. Integrations of neo and CUP1p-lacZ were verified, and β-galactosidase activity was confirmed. Analysis via Southern blots demonstrated integrations at various chromosomal locations, and the number of insertions obtained ranged from one to five after three rounds of induction. Therefore, the packaging limit of Ty1 virus-like particles for RNA is at least 10.3 kb and Ty1 can transpose foreign genes as large as 4.6 kb, demonstrating the practical application of Ty1 for the insertion of large regulated expression cassettes.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 44 (1996), S. 620-623 
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  A large cassette, 4.6×103 bases (4.6 kb) in length, containing an inducible expression system (the yeast CUP1 promoter fused to the Escherichia coli lacZ structural gene) and a bacterial neomycin-resistance gene (neo) has been cloned into the noncoding region of a GAL1-regulated Ty1 retrotransposon. Galactose was used to induce retrotransposition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and cells containing integrations were selected by resistance to the aminoglycoside G418. Integrations of neo and CUP1p-lacZ were verified, and β-galactosidase activity was confirmed. Analysis via Southern blots demonstrated integrations at various chromosomal locations, and the number of insertions obtained ranged from one to five after three rounds of induction. Therefore, the packaging limit of Ty1 virus-like particles for RNA is at least 10.3 kb and Ty1 can transpose foreign genes as large as 4.6 kb, demonstrating the practical application of Ty1 for the insertion of large regulated expression cassettes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 49 (1998), S. 147-152 
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract An autoselection system for increasing plasmid stability in Kluyveromyces lactis, based on the blockage of the pyrimidine de novo and salvage pathways, was investigated. In a manner analogous to that used in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a putative “fur1” mutation was selected in a uraA K. lactis strain using 5-fluorouracil and 5-fluorocytosine plates. Survival of the mutant required expression of a plasmid-borne URA3 gene regardless of the culture medium employed, verifying the efficacy of this autoselection system in K. lactis. The expression of heterologous invertase, encoded by the S. cerevisiae SUC2 gene, was studied during long-term sequential batch cultures (70 generations) in complex yeast/peptone/glucose medium. The fur1 mutant successfully retained the plasmid; invertase specific activity remained above 90% of the initial level. Furthermore, no mutation reversion was observed. In contrast, for the control non-fur1 strain, only 4% of the cells retained the plasmid after 70 generations, and invertase specific activity dropped to less than 10% of the initial level. Experiments comparing growth and activity in different media indicated the potential for improving productivity through medium enrichment using this autoselection system.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During January March 1996 the U.S. Antarctic Marine Living Resources program carried out an extensive multidisciplinary study in a 40,000 km2 sampling grid around Elephant Island, Antarctica. The physical, chemical, optical, and biological characteristics of the upper water column (0–750 m) were determined at 91 hydrographic stations. Analysis of the temperature and salinity data showed that six different hydrographic zones could be differentiated. The biological (phytoplankton distribution and abundance) and chemical (inorganic nutrient concentrations) data also showed characteristic differences within each of these six zones. In spite of high concentrations of inorganic N, P, and Si in all six zones, all stations in the northwest portion of the sampling grid (Drake Passage waters) showed very low chlorophyll-a concentrations in surface waters and a sub-surface maximum at increased depth. As stations in this zone have a relatively stable upper mixed layer of 40 m, excess macro-nutrients, and adequate solar radiation for maximal photosynthetic rates, this suggests that rates of primary production in this zone are limited by a micro-nutrient such as Fe. Phytoplankton abundance was much greater in the Bransfield Strait, in waters influenced by Bellingshausen Sea Water, and in the frontal zones where these water masses mix with Drake Passage waters. Relatively low and deeply distributed phytoplankton abundance was found at all stations in the southeastern portion of our sampling grid, where the upper water column was very weakly stratified and showed the characteristics of Weddell Sea water. The areas of enhanced phytoplankton biomass in the AMLR sampling grid roughly correspond to the areas where krill are generally also found in greater abundance. The overall biological productivity of the Elephant Island region would thus appear to be dependent upon the circulation patterns of the major water masses that intrude into this area.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 48 (1997), S. 339-345 
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Two δ-integration vectors were evaluated for the insertion of an inducible expression cassette (the yeast CUP1 promoter fused to the Escherichia coli lacZ structural gene, CUP1p-lacZ) and a bacterial neomycin-resistance gene (neo) into the genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae via homologous recombination. Cells containing integrations were selected by resistance to the aminoglycoside G418. The first vector was a traditional construct containing only one δ sequence; with this vector, the transformation efficiency and the number of integrations per cell were quite low. The second carried two δ sequences flanking the desired insert, and the unneeded bacterial sequences were removed by restriction-enzyme digestion immediately before transformation. When this double δ vector was employed, the integrated copy number was more than doubled relative to the single δ system and final β-galactosidase levels exceeded those obtained with the 2μ-based plasmid. Furthermore, the integrations appeared more stable in long-term sequential culture (both with and without induction of the lacZ gene) than those obtained via the single δ vector.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 49 (1998), S. 411-416 
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The stability of pKD1-based vectors in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis was investigated during short- and long-term culture. The vectors carried an expression/secretion cassette consisting of the Saccharomyces cerevisiaeSUC2 gene under the control of the S. cerevisiaeα-factor promoter and leader. The first set of vectors contained the entire pKD1 sequence linearized at either the unique EcoRI or the unique SphI site of the pKD1 plasmid. During long-term sequential batch culture in selective medium with either vector, invertase activity rapidly dropped while the plasmid-bearing population increased from 60% to 100%. This apparently contradictory behavior was due to structural instability. The enzyme restriction patterns of recovered plasmid DNA retained the pKD1 band while the band containing the SUC2 cassette had decreased substantially in size. To overcome this structural instability, a vector carrying the pKD1 replication origin and the cis-acting stability locus (lacking the inverted repeats) was employed in a pKD1+ (but otherwise isogenic) strain. With this plasmid, invertase activity remained constant (for at least 70 generations). While the new vector was significantly more stable, initial invertase activity was substantially lower than that for the vectors containing the full pKD1 sequence. Southern hybridization confirmed that this decrease was primarily due to reduced copy number. The results indicate that full-pKD1 vectors may be preferred for batch culture, while partial-pKD1 vectors are more suitable for long-term (e.g. fed-batch or continuous) culture.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cytokinesis ; 2n gametes ; microsporogenesis ; Paspalum ; polyploid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cytological analysis on 112 Brazilian accessions of Paspalum showed that 52 were affected by failure of first or second cytokinesis during microsporogenesis. When the failure of cytokinesis occurred only in the first division and in the second division the cytokinesis was normal, a dyad of microspores was formed. In most of them the two cells remained binucleate, but in some a restitutional nucleus was observed. When the first division was normal and the failure of cytokinesis occurred only in the second division, dyads and triads were observed. A restitutional nucleus in one or both cells of the dyad, or in the binucleate cell of the triad was also observed. The percentage of dyads and triads varied among accessions, reaching 15.75 of the sporads in some. The absence of cytokinesis indicates the possibility that the widespread occurrence of polyploidy in the genus Paspalum originates from 2n pollen grains.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 13 (1997), S. 167-173 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; inoculant ; soybean ; quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Eighteen samples of soybean inoculants representative of the major manufacturing companies in Argentina were purchased from the market and evaluated using plate counts, most probable number (MPN) of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on plants and time of nodule appearance. One or two B. japonicum isolates per product were isolated and typed by analysis of their DNA patterns. The Log10 numbers of B. japonicum obtained were in the range of 0 to 6/soybean seed, with only two products above 1 × 106 bacteria/seed. Of 18 products, 17 were contaminated, and of these 14 contained more contaminants than B. japonicum. The time of nodule appearance varied between 8 and 16 days, indicating a great difference in microbial activity between products. The strains were found to be similar to USDA 138 (five isolates), E45-INTA Argentina (two isolates), USDA 142 (four isolates) and E4-INTA (one isolate). Thus, even if most of the typed strains are considered as good N2-fixing strains, the average quality of the analysed samples was low, and could not support efficient inoculation of soybean.
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  • 10
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