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  • 1
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    A gene map of the human genome (1996)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996-10-25
    Description: The human genome is thought to harbor 50,000 to 100,000 genes, of which about half have been sampled to date in the form of expressed sequence tags. An international consortium was organized to develop and map gene-based sequence tagged site markers on a set of two radiation hybrid panels and a yeast artificial chromosome library. More than 16,000 human genes have been mapped relative to a framework map that contains about 1000 polymorphic genetic markers. The gene map unifies the existing genetic and physical maps with the nucleotide and protein sequence databases in a fashion that should speed the discovery of genes underlying inherited human disease. The integrated resource is available through a site on the World Wide Web at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SCIENCE96/.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schuler, G D -- Boguski, M S -- Stewart, E A -- Stein, L D -- Gyapay, G -- Rice, K -- White, R E -- Rodriguez-Tome, P -- Aggarwal, A -- Bajorek, E -- Bentolila, S -- Birren, B B -- Butler, A -- Castle, A B -- Chiannilkulchai, N -- Chu, A -- Clee, C -- Cowles, S -- Day, P J -- Dibling, T -- Drouot, N -- Dunham, I -- Duprat, S -- East, C -- Edwards, C -- Fan, J B -- Fang, N -- Fizames, C -- Garrett, C -- Green, L -- Hadley, D -- Harris, M -- Harrison, P -- Brady, S -- Hicks, A -- Holloway, E -- Hui, L -- Hussain, S -- Louis-Dit-Sully, C -- Ma, J -- MacGilvery, A -- Mader, C -- Maratukulam, A -- Matise, T C -- McKusick, K B -- Morissette, J -- Mungall, A -- Muselet, D -- Nusbaum, H C -- Page, D C -- Peck, A -- Perkins, S -- Piercy, M -- Qin, F -- Quackenbush, J -- Ranby, S -- Reif, T -- Rozen, S -- Sanders, C -- She, X -- Silva, J -- Slonim, D K -- Soderlund, C -- Sun, W L -- Tabar, P -- Thangarajah, T -- Vega-Czarny, N -- Vollrath, D -- Voyticky, S -- Wilmer, T -- Wu, X -- Adams, M D -- Auffray, C -- Walter, N A -- Brandon, R -- Dehejia, A -- Goodfellow, P N -- Houlgatte, R -- Hudson, J R Jr -- Ide, S E -- Iorio, K R -- Lee, W Y -- Seki, N -- Nagase, T -- Ishikawa, K -- Nomura, N -- Phillips, C -- Polymeropoulos, M H -- Sandusky, M -- Schmitt, K -- Berry, R -- Swanson, K -- Torres, R -- Venter, J C -- Sikela, J M -- Beckmann, J S -- Weissenbach, J -- Myers, R M -- Cox, D R -- James, M R -- Bentley, D -- Deloukas, P -- Lander, E S -- Hudson, T J -- HG00098/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- HG00206/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- HG00835/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1996 Oct 25;274(5287):540-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8849440" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cell Line ; *Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast ; Computer Communication Networks ; DNA, Complementary/genetics ; Databases, Factual ; Gene Expression ; Genetic Markers ; *Genome, Human ; *Human Genome Project ; Humans ; Multigene Family ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Sequence Tagged Sites
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multichannel estimation of frequency-department Q from VSP data (1997)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 45 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A Method of estimating attenauation from the first arrivals of VSP data is presented. The motivation is the desire to investigate the effects of scattering on wave propagation, and particularly the apparent attenuation and associated phase delay due to fine layering (the O'Doherty-Anstey effect).In order to take account of the frequency dependence of the predicted scattering attenuation, and to provide robust statistics for the estimates, a beam-forming method is used to measure the attenuation. This simularaneously estimates the slowness and polarization angle of the different wave modes, and results in attenuation measurements which are largely free of interference from reflected and mode-converted energy. By working in the frequency domain and measuring amplitude decay with depth, the frequency dependence of the attenuation is also accounted for. The beam-forming algorithm works in two passes, the first of which estimates slownesses and polarization angles over a small depth range, while the second uses the information from the first pass over a larger depth range to estimate attenuation.An approximate error analysis of the method shows that the standard variance of the estimated Q values is proportional to Q2 and the data quality (measured by its spectral coherence), and inversely proportional to the square of the analysis depth range and the square of the frequency. Hence the depth resolution is traded against the stability of the results.The method is applied to a zero-offset three-component VSP. The data are of good quality, with a bandwidth ranging from 180 Hz in the shallow part to 100 Hz in the deepest part. Stable results were obtained using a 450 m depth range. Above about 50 Hz, there is little evidence of frequency dependence in the attenuation. There is a clear division in depth into layers of higher and lower attenuation, with values of Q typically between 50 and 200. Below 50 Hz, however, attenuation increases rapidly with decreasing frequency throughout the depth range, with values of Q of less than 10 at 15 Hz. This behaviour appears anomalous since on physical grounds we expect very high values of Q at low frequency, and we have no explanation for these observations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1997.tb02272.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The utility of Burns’s equation to describe solute movement through soil under various boundary and initial conditions (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 50 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Burns’s equation for describing solute movement through soil is attractive because it is simple and predicts adequately in many instances. However, the assumptions implicit in it are not inconsistent with preferential solute flow. We have explored the consequences of this by leaching initially resident chloride and surface-applied tritium and nitrate through 250-mm-long intact cores of a silt loam soil. The applied flow rates of 3 and 5 mm h−1 (realistic rainfall intensities) produced unsaturated soil conditions, except near the base where free water dripped out. Burns’s equation described the movement of the three solutes fairly successfully with the water content parameter having values between 0.29 and 0.48, similar to the actual volumetric water content of 0.47.The leaching of resident chloride to 450-mm-deep mole drains in the field was also successfully simulated using Burns’s equation. However, simulation of the leaching of bromide applied to the soil surface as a solid salt was problematic. This resulted from uncertainty as to whether to treat the application as a pulse input to the flux or resident concentration. The observed behaviour fell about midway between the simulations for these contrasting initial conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.1999.00262.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrogen permeation inhibition by thin layer Zn–Ni alloy electrodeposition (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 28 (1998), S. 889-894 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: zinc ; zinc-nickel ; hydrogen ; permeation ; inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The inhibition of hydrogen permeation by zinc-nickel electrodeposited alloy was investigated using the Devanathan–Stachurski permeation technique. The hydrogen evolution and hydrogen permeation rates for the zinc–nickel alloy electrodeposits on iron are compared with the rates for bare iron, zinc electroplated on iron, and nickel electroplated on iron. Hydrogen evolution rates and hydrogen permeation rates were followed as functions of time at different applied potentials. The hydrogen permeation inhibition for thin zinc–nickel electroplates (20s at 10mAcm−2 and 10s at 20mAcm−2) averaged 80% and intermediate to that of nickel and zinc. This inhibition was considered to be mostly due to kinetic effects. Zinc–nickel electroplated for 20 and 40min. at 10mAcm−2 inhibited the hydrogen permeation greater than 95% as compared to bare iron. This inhibition was due to both kinetics and the barrier effect caused by the diffusion resistance of the membrane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003408230951
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface treatment for mitigation of hydrogen absorption and penetration into AISI 4340 steel and Inconel 718 alloy (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 25 (1995), S. 212-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that the underpotential deposition of zinc on AISI 4340 steel and Inconel 718 alloys inhibits the hydrogen evolution reaction and the degree of hydrogen ingress. In the presence of monolayer coverage of zinc on the substrate surfaces, the hydrogen evolution current densities are reduced 46% and 68% compared with the values obtained on bare AISI 4340 steel and Inconel 718 alloy, respectively. As a consequence, the underpotential deposition of zinc on AISI 4340 steel and Inconel 718 alloy membrane reduces the steady state hydrogen permeation current density by 51% and 40%, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00262958
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discharge behaviour of tubular lead dioxide electrodes Part III: Two-dimensional current density distribution (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 25 (1995), S. 315-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The initial current density distribution in lead acid batteries with tubular lead dioxide electrodes and flat lead electrodes has been studied by means of a two-dimensional model and experimental verification by polarization curves and potential transients during galvanostatic discharge. The cell geometry was modelled with and without separators and a tubular electrode envelope. The governing equations were solved with a finite element method. It was found that the tube envelope has a large impact on the current density distribution and had to be incorporated into the model to fit the experimental results. Although the envelope increases the ohmic losses, it has the positive effect of giving a more uniform current distribution around the electrode tube. A lead acid cell with tubular positive electrodes and flat negative electrodes can therefore be approximated by a one-dimensional model consisting of a positive electrode tube placed concentrically in a cylindrical lead electrode. The two-dimensional model was further used to study the effects of different design factors, for example, cell width and kinetic parameters of the lead dioxide electrode.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00249649
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on metal hydride electrodes with different weights and binder contents (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 361-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: metal-hydrides ; alloy weight ; binder content ; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy ; model simulations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract LaNi4.27Sn0.24 electrodes were characterized using electrochemical techniques at different alloy weights and binder contents. For a given alloy weight, the polarization resistance (Rp) increases with the state of charge (SOC). This arises due to changes from α to β phase at the alloy surface. The electroactive surface area for the hydrogen adsorption/desorption reaction changes with SOC and this also contributes to the variation of Rp. Since the interfacial area increases with alloy content, the polarization resistance decreases with increase in the alloy weight. An increase in the alloy weight reduces Rp and lowers the total resistance. The electrode utilization decreases by increasing the binder content and the electrode weight. A theoretical model is presented to study the effect of alloy weight and particle size on the electrode performance. The model simulations predict lowering of the utilization with increase in the electrode weight. The effect of particle size on the energy and power density of the electrode was also studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003491625307
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrochemical investigations of bare and Pd-coated LaNi4.25Al0.75 electrodes in alkaline solution (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 28 (1998), S. 381-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: Pd-coated electrodes ; metal–hydride batteries ; microencapsulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Electrochemical investigations were carried out on electrodes made from both bare and Pd-coated LaNi4.25Al0.75 particles. Experimental results showed that the Pd-coating significantly decreases the electrode resistance and increases the electrode discharge capacity. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique was used to determine various resistive components in the electrodes and electrolyte by fitting an equivalent circuit to the experimental data. The results indicated that an electrode made from the Pd-coated alloy has much less ohmic resistance (particle-to-particle contact resistance and current collector to electrode pellet contact resistance) compared to the electrodes made from bare alloy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003236321297
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of temperature on performanceof LaNi4.76Sn0.24 metal hydride electrode’ (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 27 (1997), S. 1328-1332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: metal hydride ; capacity ; temperature ; performance ; enthalpy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of temperature on the performance of a LaNi4.76Sn0.24 metal hydride electrode was investigated in the temperature range of 0 to 50°C. The electrode showed a maximum discharge capacity at 25°C. The total resistance increases with a decrease of temperature from 50°C to 0°C. The apparent activation enthalpies at different states of charge were determined by evaluating the polarization resistance at different temperatures. It was found that the apparent activation enthalpy is an indicator of the relative reaction rate of the charge-transfer reaction and hydrogen absorption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018460709968
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mass transport effects on the electrodeposition of iron-nickel alloys at the presence of additives (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 25 (1995), S. 543-555 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Iron-nickel (Fe-Ni) plating bath solution chemistry was studied by determining the Fe-Ni equilibrium concentrations at various pH levels. It was found that the alloy composition is determined by solution equilibria, mass transfer of the electroactive species within the diffusion layer and by the surface coverage of the additives on the electrode. The effect of the rotation speed of the disc electrode and the presence of organic additives on the deposition of Fe-Ni alloys are evaluated. Boric acid increases the absolute iron deposition rate, while it inhibits the rate of nickel reduction. Saccharin and ethylene diamine influence the metal deposition rate but are not as effective as boric acid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00573212
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