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  • 1995-1999  (91)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of crystal shapes on radiative fluxes in visible wavelength: ice crystals randomly oriented in space (1996)
    Springer
    Annales geophysicae 14 (1996), S. 837-844 
    Details
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Radiative properties of cirrus clouds are one of the major unsolved problems in climate studies and global radiation budget. These clouds are generally composed of various ice-crystal shapes, so we tried to evaluate effects of the ice-crystal shape on radiative fluxes. We calculated radiative fluxes of cirrus clouds with a constant geometrical depth, composed of ice crystals with different shapes (hexagonal columns, bullets, bullet-rosettes), sizes and various concentrations. We considered ice particles randomly oriented in space (3D case) and their scattering phase functions were calculated by a ray-tracing method. We calculated radiative fluxes for cirrus layers for different microphysical characteristics by using a discrete-ordinate radiative code. Results showed that the foremost effect of the ice-crystal shape on radiative properties of cirrus clouds was that on the optical thickness, while the variation of the scattering phase function with the ice shape remained less than 3% for our computations. The ice-water content may be a better choice to parameterize the optical properties of cirrus, but the shape effect must be included.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-996-0837-5
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conductivity Control of SiC by In-Situ Doping and Ion Implantation (1998)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 264-268 (Feb. 1998), p. 675-680 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/02/03/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FMSF.264-268.675.pdf
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiative forcing by contrails (1999)
    Springer
    Annales geophysicae 17 (1999), S. 1080-1094 
    Details
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Keywords: Atmospheric composition and structure (aerosols and particles) ; Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (climatology, radiative processes)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A parametric study of the instantaneous radiative impact of contrails is presented using three different radiative transfer models for a series of model atmospheres and cloud parameters. Contrails are treated as geometrically and optically thin plane parallel homogeneous cirrus layers in a static atmosphere. The ice water content is varied as a function of ambient temperature. The model atmospheres include tropical, mid-latitude, and subarctic summer and winter atmospheres. Optically thin contrails cause a positive net forcing at top of the atmosphere. At the surface the radiative forcing is negative during daytime. The forcing increases with the optical depth and the amount of contrail cover. At the top of the atmosphere, a mean contrail cover of 0.1% with average optical depth of 0.2 to 0.5 causes about 0.01 to 0.03 Wm−2 daily mean instantaneous radiative forcing. Contrails cool the surface during the day and heat the surface during the night, and hence reduce the daily temperature amplitude. The net effect depends strongly on the daily variation of contrail cloud cover. The indirect radiative forcing due to particle changes in natural cirrus clouds may be of the same magnitude as the direct one due to additional cover.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-999-1080-7
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermally induced ultrasonic emission from porous silicon (1999)
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 400 (1999), S. 853-855 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The most common mechanism for generating ultrasound in air is via a piezoelectric transducer, whereby an electrical signal is converted directly into a mechanical vibration. But the acoustic pressure so generated is usually limited to less than 10 Pa, the frequency bandwidth of most ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/23664
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mineral parageneses and metamorphic P-T paths of ultrahigh-pressure eclogites from Kyrghyzstan Tien-Shan (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @island arc 4 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1440-1738
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Eclogites occur in three districts of the northern and southern parts of Tien-Shan. Three eclogites collected from the Aktyuz, Makbal and Atbashy districts were analyzed; the P-T paths of three eclogites were estimated by analyzing compositional growth zoning and retrograde reaction of garnet and omphacite. Aktyuz and Makbal eclogites have not preserved the prograde path. An Aktyuz eclogite that underwent a quartz eclogite facies metamorphism (about T = 600°C, P = 12 kbar) has recorded three stages of retrograde metamorphism. Four stages of retrograde metamorphism were recognized in a Makbal eclogite; the garnet-omphacite geothermometer gave about T = 560°C at 20 kbar as the highest metamorphic condition. Garnet from a garnetchloritoid-talc schist of the Makbal district includes quartz pseudomorphs after coesite; some units evidently underwent a low-temperature part of coesite eclogite fades metamorphism. Prograde and retrograde paths were recognized in an Atbashy eclogite; five stages of metamorphic reaction were observed in the Atbashy sample. The prograde path from stage I to stage III has been recorded in garnet and omphacite in which quartz pseudomorphs after coesite are included. The peak metamorphism of stage III took place at about 660°C at 25 kbar. The stages IV and V are retrograde. UHP eclogite facies metamorphism took place twice in Kyrghyzstan. The Aktyuz and Atbashy eclogites gave Rb-Sr mineral-isochron ages of about 750 Ma and 270 Ma, respectively. The K-Ar age of paragonite from the Makbal eclogite is about 480 Ma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1738.1995.tb00150.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Space- and time-resolved optical spectroscopy of plumes generated by laser ablation of NiO in a vacuum (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 83 (1998), S. 3379-3385 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Laser ablation of NiO at 266 nm has been studied by measuring absorption spectra and emission spectra which are resolved both temporally and spatially. The spectra were measured at several points 1 mm apart from the laser spot and with several detection angles. Ablated species in different electronic states such as the ground state, lower lying states, and excited states are distinguished from absorption and emission spectroscopy. Time-of-flight spectra of these species and their angular dependence are obtained. It is revealed that excited Ni neutrals are generated mainly by the recombination of Ni+ ions with electrons, and Ni+ ions ejected nearly normal to the surface are exclusively excited due to multiple collisional effect. The isotropic angular dependence of most probable velocities of Ni+ ions and Ni neutrals are explained by ambipolar diffusion of the plume. The mechanism of species ejection is also discussed. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.367136
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation of semi-insulating 6H-SiC layers by vanadium ion implantations (1996)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 69 (1996), S. 1113-1115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Vanadium ion (V+) implantation has been successfully applied to the formation of semiinsulating 6H-SiC layers. The resistivity of V+-implanted layers strongly depended on the conduction type of initial 6H-SiC crystals. The resistivity at room temperature exceeded 1012 Ω cm and 106 Ω cm for p- and n-type samples, respectively. Compensation mechanism is discussed based on the temperature dependence of resistivity. This technique will be useful for device isolation, edge termination, and reduction of parasitic impedance of SiC devices. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.117075
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Ultra-Low-Temperature Diffractometer Based on an 3He–4He Dilution Refrigerator used for Synchrotron-Radiation X-ray Diffractometry and Topography (1995)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 28 (1995), S. 375-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The direct observation of crystal structure at ultra-low temperatures helps better understanding of phase transformations and phase stability. Two sets of 3He-4He dilution refrigerators with a top-loading facility were installed at BL-3C2 and 6C1 of the Photon Factory. The first is used exclusively for topography of quantum crystals of solid 3He and 4He for studies of lattice defects. Typical examples of topographs that indicate an annealing effect of solid helium, understood in terms of a quantum tunneling, are presented. The disappearance of downward diffraction Laue spots (2θB = 90°) is discussed on the basis of the temperature and other factors in solid helium. The second refrigerator is used for X-ray diffraction studies of crystalline solids. A splitting of the Laue spots from Cs2NaHoCl6 below 150 mK, giving evidence of a cooperative Jahn–Teller transition of the first kind at the lowest transition temperature ever observed, is briefly explained as an example of diffractometry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889894013087
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observation of Phase change of X-ray Polarizability by Rocking Curves in the Bragg Case (1998)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 31 (1998), S. 351-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Rocking curves of the reflected and transmitted beams for GaAs 600 in the symmetric Bragg case were measured just below the K-absorption edge of Ga using X-rays from synchrotron radiation. Asymmetry and its reversal of the rocking curves for the transmitted beam were observed: the rocking-curve intensity in the lower-angle region of the exact Bragg angle was larger than that in the higher-angle region when the X-ray energy was 9 eV below the edge, while the asymmetry was reversed when the X-ray energy was about 6 eV below the edge. The reversal has been found to result from the change in the phase of X-ray polarizability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889897011874
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observation of Phase Change of X-ray Polarizability in Rocking Curves (1996)
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 52 (1996), S. 669-674 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: By tuning the X-ray energy from synchrotron radiation very close to the K-absorption edges of Ga and As, rocking curves were measured of the GaAs 200 diffraction and the transmitted beams in the symmetric Laue case. The rocking curve of the transmitted beam is asymmetric with respect to the angle of the exact Bragg condition. The asymmetry reverses as the sign of the Fourier transform of either the real or the imaginary part of the X-ray polarizability changes. From the turning point of asymmetry, the accuracy of the existing calculated values of anomalous scattering factors was examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108767396004175
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