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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Practical aspects of Kelvin probe force microscopy (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 1756-1760 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We discuss practical aspects of Kelvin probe force microscopy (KFM) which are important to obtain stable images of the electric surface potential distribution at high spatial resolution (〈100 nm) and high potential sensitivity (〈1 mV) on conducting and nonconducting samples. We compare metal-coated and semiconducting tips with respect to their suitability for KFM. Components of the metal coating can become detached during scanning, introducing sudden offset jumps in the potential maps (typically up to 350 mV between adjacent scan lines). However, n-doped silicon tips show no substantial tip alterations and, therefore, provide a stable reference during the experiment (offset jumps typically up to 40 mV between adjacent scan lines). These semiconducting tips must be electrically connected via contact pads. We use InGa and colloidal silver pads which are easily applied to the substrate supporting the cantilever and have a low enough differential contact resistance (350 Ω and 2.2 kΩ, respectively). Furthermore, we introduce a simple procedure to fine tune the feedback which detects the electric surface potential and show how the basic KFM setup has to be modified to gain access to the necessary control signals. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149664
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resolution and contrast in Kelvin probe force microscopy (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 84 (1998), S. 1168-1173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The combination of atomic force microscopy and Kelvin probe technology is a powerful tool to obtain high-resolution maps of the surface potential distribution on conducting and nonconducting samples. However, resolution and contrast transfer of this method have not been fully understood, so far. To obtain a better quantitative understanding, we introduce a model which correlates the measured potential with the actual surface potential distribution, and we compare numerical simulations of the three-dimensional tip–specimen model with experimental data from test structures. The observed potential is a locally weighted average over all potentials present on the sample surface. The model allows us to calculate these weighting factors and, furthermore, leads to the conclusion that good resolution in potential maps is obtained by long and slender but slightly blunt tips on cantilevers of minimal width and surface area. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.368181
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conformation of Crystalline 3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2,2,4,4-tetramethylpentane (1996)
    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 52 (1996), S. 3232-3234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5759
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108270196011031
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A screen for lethal mutations in the chromosomal region 59AB suggests that bellwether encodes the alpha subunit of the mitochondrial ATP synthase in Drosophila melanogaster (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 259 (1998), S. 383-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key wordsbellwether ; moa ; ATP synthase ; Cyclin B ; Cell cycle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report the isolation and complementation mapping of lethal mutations within the 59AB region on the second chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. The newly induced lethal mutations in this region define four different complementation groups. Using existing and newly induced deficiencies, these loci can be assigned to three different chromosomal intervals. Moreover, complementation analysis with chromosomes carrying various P element insertions, in combination with a molecular characterization of the corresponding insertion sites, suggests that the previously described male sterile mutation bellwether is an allele of an essential gene that encodes the alpha subunit of the mitochondrial ATP synthase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004380050826
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of hydrothermal treatment on the gelatinisation properties of potato starch as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 47 (1996), S. 1229-1246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DSC ; gelatinisation ; potato starch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Gelatinisation temperatures as a function of moisture content were determined for potato starch. The native starch was then hydrothermally treated at a temperature 3% (Kelvin degrees) below the gelatinisation peak temperature and at moisture levels varying from 20 to 67% (by weight). Gelatinisation temperatures, temperature ranges and enthalpy values were affected for all treated samples. However, two sample populations could be distinguished: those samples treated under ‘limited’ moisture conditions and other samples treated in the presence of ‘extragranular’ moisture. A two-step hydrothermal treatment further increased the gelatinisation temperature, but the effect of the second step was small in comparison to that of the first.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01992825
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rb2I(OH): Ein Hydroxidiodid im System RbOH/RbI (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 622 (1996), S. 717-720 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Rubidium hydroxide iodide ; synthesis ; single-crystals ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Rb2I(OH): A Hydroxide Iodide in the System RbOH/RbIThe pseudobinary system RbOH/RbI was investigated by X-ray methods. The crystal structure of Rb2I(OH) was solved by single crystal data: Rb2I(OH): Pnma, Z = 4, a = 7.748(1) Å, b = 5.654(2) Å,c = 13.254(2) Å Z(Fo) with (Fo)2 ≥ 3σ = (Fo)2 = 449, Z (parameter) = 25, R/Rw = 0.021/0.023 Rb2I(OH) crystallizes in a new type of structure, built up by a three dimensional network of ∞3[Rb2(OH)+] containing the iodide ions.
    Notes: Das pseudobinäre System RbOH/RbI wurde röntgenographisch untersucht und die Struktur von Rb2I(OH) an Einkristallen aufgeklärt: Rb2I(OH): Pnma, Z = 4, a = 7,748(1) Å, b = 5,654(2) Å, c = 13,254(2) Å, Z(Fo) mit (Fo)2 ≥ 3σ = (Fo)2 = 449, Z (Parameter) = 25, R/Rw = 0,021/0,023 Rb2I(OH): kristallisiert in einem eigenen Strukturtyp, der aus einem dreidimensionalen Netzwerk von ∞3[Rb2(OH)+] aufgebaut ist, das I- enthält.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19966220425
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Li2CrO4 · 2H2O: Ungewöhnliche Wasserstoffbrückenbindung und Koordination der O-Liganden des Anions CrO42- (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 622 (1996), S. 721-723 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Lithium chromate dihydrate ; single-crystals ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Li2CrO4 · 2H2O: Unusual Hydrogen Bridge Bonding and Coordination for Oxygen of the Anions CrO42-The crystal structure of Li2CrO4 · 2H2O was solved including the positions of hydrogen by X-ray methods. Li2CrO4 · 2H2O: P212121, Z = 4, a = 5.503(1) Å, b = 7.733(2) Å, c = 11.987(2) Å, Z(Fo) with (Fo)2 ≥ 3σ(Fo)2 = 2284, Z (parameter) = 99, R/Rw = 0.025/0.029 LiCrO4 · 2H2O contains a locally bordered hydrogen bridge bonding system between water molecules as donors and two O of CrO42- as acceptors. This system connects anions in the direction [010]. It is noticeable that oxygen ligands of the anion CrO42- have strongly differing coordination.
    Notes: Die Kristallstruktur von Li2CrO4 · 2 H2O wurde einschließlich der Wasserstofflagen röntgenographisch ermittelt: Li2CrO4 · 2 H2O: P212121, Z = 4, a = 5,503(1) Å, b = 7,733(2) Å, c = 11,987(2) Å, Z(Fo) mit (Fo)2 ≥ 3σ(Fo)2 = 2284, Z (Parameter) = 99, R/Rw = 0,025/0,029 Li2CrO4 · 2H2O enthält lokal begrenzte Wasserstoffbrückenbindungssysteme zwischen Wassermolekülen als Donatoren und zwei O von CrO42- als Akzeptoren. Sie verknüpfen Anionen in Richtung [010]. Auffallend ist die sehr unterschiedliche Koordination der O-Liganden des Anions CrO42-.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19966220426
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ba4[WN4]Cl2: The first nitridotungstate(VI) chloride (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 622 (1996), S. 885-888 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Barium tetra nitridotungstate(VI) dichloride ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Ba4[WN4]Cl2: Das erste Nitridowolframat(VI)-chloridDurch Umsetzung von Ba(NH2)2 mit W in einer KCl-Schmelze bei 850°C unter strömendem Stickstoff wurden transparente gelbe Kristalle von Ba4[WN4]Cl2 gezüchtet. Die Verbindung kristallisiert monoklin in P21/m und Z = 2 mit den Zellparametern a = 8,447(4) Å, b = 6,143(2) Å, c = 10,727(6) Å und β = 99,04(4)°. Die Kristallstruktur enthält isolierte Ionen [WN4]6- und Cl-. Es ist das erste bisher beschriebene Nitridowolframat(VI)-chlorid.
    Notes: Transparent yellow crystals of Ba4[WN4]Cl2 were grown at 850°C by the reaction of Ba(NH2)2 with W in a KCl melt under flowing nitrogen. The compound crystallizes monoclinic in P21/m and Z = 2 with the cell parameters a = 8.447(4) Å, b = 6.143(2) Å, c = 10.727(6) Å and β = 99.04(4)°. The crystal structure contains isolated anions [WN4]6- and Cl-. It is the first nitridotungstate(VI) chloride reported so far.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19966220523
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cs5[Na{W4N10}]: The first framework nitridotungstate(VI)Professor Wolfgang Jeitschko zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 622 (1996), S. 881-884 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Penta caesium sodium nitrido tetra tungstate(VI) ; synthesis ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cs5[Na{W4N10}]: Das erste Nitridowolframat(VI) mit GerüststrukturCs5[Na{W4N10}] wurde aus einem Gemenge von NaNH2, CsNH2 und Wolframpulver (Molverhältnis 1 : 10 : 4) bei 700°C in Autoklaven dargestellt. Nach beendeter Reaktion ist das Nitrid in einer Alkalimetallmatrix eingebettet. Dunkelrote Kristalle werden durch Auswaschen des Alkalimetalls mit flüssigem Ammoniak bei Raumtemperatur isoliert. Die Struktur von Cs5[Na{W4N10}] wurde über Röntgeneinkristalldaten bestimmt: I41 (Nr. 80), Z = 4, a = 13,926(3) Å, c = 8,723(3) Å, Z(Fo2) ≥ 3σ(Fo2) = 1535, Z(Variable) = 63, R/Rw = 0,040/0,052.An feuchter Luft hydrolysiert die Verbindung schnell zu Oxowolframat und Ammoniak. Sie enthält ein Tetraedergerüst ∞3[WNN3/21.5-]. Natrium ist von vier terminalen Stickstoffliganden umgeben. Einschließlich des Natriums ergibt sich eine Anordnung vom β-Cristobalittyp ∞3[Na{W4N10}5-]. Dieses enthält Caesium in allen Lücken, sogenannten Friauf-Polyedern, die durch zwölf Stickstoffliganden gebildet werden.
    Notes: Cs5[Na{W4N10}] was prepared from a mixture of NaNH2, CsNH2 and tungsten powder (molar ration 1 : 10 : 4) at 700°C in autoclaves. After the reaction is finished the nitride is embedded in an alkali metal matrix. Dark red crystals were isolated by washing out the alkali metal with liquid ammonia at room temperature. The structure of Cs5[Na{W4N10}] was solved by X-ray single crystal data: I41 (No. 80), Z = 4, a = 13.926(3) Å, c = 8.723(3) Å, Z(Fo2) ≥ 3σ(Fo2) = 1535, Z(Variables) = 63, R/Rw = 0.040/0.052.The compound is highly sensitive against moisture giving oxotungstates and ammonia. It contains a framework of tetrahedra ∞3[WNN3/21.5-]. Sodium shares four terminal nitrogen ligands. Including sodium a distorted, β-cristobalite type arrangement ∞3[Na{W4N10}5-] results. It contains caesium in all interstices formed by twelve nitrogen ligands in so-called Friauf polyhedra.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19966220522
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Na2Mn(NH2)4: Ein neuer Schichtenstrukturtyp (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 623 (1997), S. 1108-1112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Sodium tetra amido manganate(II) ; sodium manganese (II) amide ; X-ray structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Na2Mn(NH2)4: A New Type of Layered StructureThe structure of Na2Mn(NH2)4 was solved by X-ray single crystal data including H-positions: P21/c, Z = 4, a = 6.331(1) Å, b = 14.542(3) Å, c = 7.212(1) Å, β = 116.29(1)°, Z(F20 ≥ 3σ = (F20)) = 1343, Z(parameters) = 96, R/RW = 0.023/0.029.The compound crystallizes in a new type of structure. Within layered blocks the amide ions are arranged with the motif of a hexagonal closest packing of spheres. Within these blocks alternating layers contain sodium in all octahedral sites and manganese in an ordered way in a quarter of tetrahedral sites.
    Notes: Die Struktur von Na2Mn(NH2)4 wurde röntgenograhisch über Einkristalldaten einschließlich der H-Lagen bestimmt: P21/c, Z = 4, a = 6,331(1) Å, b = 14,542(3) Å, c = 7,212(1) Å, β = 116,29(1)°, Z(F0) mit (F0)2 ≥ 3σ(F0)2 = 1343, Z(Parameter) = 96, R/RW = 0,023/0,029.Die Verbindung kristallisiert in einem neuen Strukturtyp. Die Amidionen bilden innerhalb von Schichtenpaketen das Motiv einer hexagonal dichtesten Kugelpackung. In ihr sind in einzelnen Ebenen abwechselnd entweder alle Oktaederlücken durch Natrium oder geordnet 1/4 der Tetraederlücken durch Mangan besetzt.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19976230717
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