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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early development and estimated life cycle of the mesopelagic copepod Pareuchaeta elongata in the southern Japan Sea (1996)
    Springer
    Marine biology 126 (1996), S. 261-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Life cycle of the mesopelagic copepod Pareuchaeta elongata was investigated combining laboratory rearing data on the eggs, nauplii, and early copepodites with field growth data on the late copepodites. Examination and incubation at near the in situ temperature (0.5°C) of egg sacs collected from the field indicated that the clutch size was 13 to 24 eggs (mean: 20), hatching time was 39.4d (mean), and hatchability was low (mean: 28.5%). The development time at 0.5°C was 2.4 d for Nauplius Stage 1 (N1), 4.6 d for N2, 6.2 d for N3. 7.4 d for N4, 7.1 d for N5, 20.8 d for N6, 36.7 d for Copepodite Stage 1 (C1) and 65.3 d for C2. From the numerical analysis of seasonal samples collected from the field, the development time was estimated as 1 mo for C3, 2 mo for C4 and 2.5 mo for C5. Thus, the egg hatching time plus the integrated development time by stage was 355 d or nearly 1 yr (i.e. span of one life cycle). Duration of the C6 (adult) was estimated as〉2.5 mo. Combining the present data on development times of each stage with published data on the major spawning season (August to October) and ontogenetic migration, a schematic representation of the life cycle of this copepod was developed. Between-stage comparison of wet, dry, and ash-free dry weights of all developmental stages of preserved wild specimens revealed that there is almost no gain in weight during naupliar stages, and the greatest weight increment over the life cycle was during the C4 stage. The present results are compared with those for the same and related species living in other regions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00347451
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vertical distribution, population structure and life cycle of Neocalanus cristatus (Crustacea: Copepoda) in the Oyashio region, with notes on its regional variations (1999)
    Springer
    Marine biology 134 (1999), S. 683-696 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Vertical distribution and population structure of Neocalanus cristatus were investigated at Site H in the Oyashio region from September 1996 through October 1997 to evaluate their life cycle mode. Additional temporary samplings were also made at several stations covering the entire subarctic Pacific, Okhotsk Sea and Japan Sea, as a basis for regional comparison of life cycles of this species. At Site H, N. cristatus spawned throughout the year below 500 m depth, with a peak from October to December. The resulting eggs and nauplii floated/migrated upward, and formed an abundance peak of Copepodite Stage 1 (C1) in the surface layer in February. In the surface layer, the C1 developed and reached C5 by early June through a phytoplankton bloom which occurred in mid-March to end of June. The C5 migrated to deeper layers in July and August, where they molted to adults. Apparently, the developmental time from C5 to adults was highly variable (〉1 month), and some might overwinter. The life cycle of N. cristatus appeared to be annual for the major portion of the population. Taking into account sampling season, temporal changes in vertical distribution and population structure data collected from regions other than Site H, there was a close correlation in the timing of the life cycle over the entire subarctic Pacific, but the reproduction season (April to June) was observed to be different in the Okhotsk and Japan Sea populations. Regional comparison of prosome length of C5 individuals, including those in the Bering Sea, indicated significantly larger sizes of specimens from the Japan Sea and Okhotsk Sea, as compared with those from the entire subarctic Pacific. Possible causes for regional variability in life cycle patterns and body sizes are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002270050584
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution, growth and life cycle of the mesopelagic amphipod Primno abyssalis (Hyperiidea: Phrosinidae) in the southern Japan sea (1995)
    Springer
    Marine biology 123 (1995), S. 789-798 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The vertical distribution, growth, maturation, brood size and life cycle of the hyperiid amphipod Primno abyssalis (formerly P. macropa) were investigated using seasonal samples collected from Toyama Bay, southern Japan Sea, during the period June 1986 to September 1992. Over four different seasons of the year, P. abyssalis was most abundant in the 200 to 350 m strata at night and the 350 to 400 m strata during the day, indicating 100 to 150 m as the general distance of diel vertical movement. Some differences in vertical migrating behavior were noted among juveniles, adult males and females. Population-structure analysis revealed the occurrence of three cohorts aged 0+, 1+ and 2+ yr. Growth as body length in this species is linear with time. Estimated time to complete one life cycle is 1.8 to 2.5 yr for females, but only 0.8 yr for males. Maximum longevity is 2.8 yr. Instar analysis based on the segment number of pleopod rami indicated that newly hatched juveniles molt ten times to reach adult male, and four more times to reach adult female. Adult instar number was found to be only 1 for males and 5 for females. Ovigerous females occurred throughout the year, but the annual peak of release of juveniles from the female's marsupium is estimated to be arly March. Brood size was not correlated with female size, a maximum brood size of 214 eggs was recorded. The dry and ash-free dry weights of instars suggested that juveniles in the female marsupium, adult males, and older adult females are less active feeding or non-feeding stages. Except for the reduced growth rate and the occurrence of small, short-lived males, most characteristics of P. abyssalis are consistent with the present view of the life modes of mesopelagic animals, including linear growth in length, aseasonal reproduction, and smaller brood size coupled with larger eggs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349122
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An electrochemical method for the measurements of substrate-oxidizing activity of acetic acid bacteria using a carbon-paste electrode modified with immobilized bacteria (1999)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 51 (1999), S. 664-668 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract In order to measure the substrate-oxidizing activity of intact cells of Acetobacter pasteurianus no. 2, a given amount of the bacterial cells was immobilized on a carbon-paste electrode, and the current at the electrode was measured in a buffer solution. When Fe(CN)3− 6 was added to the buffer solution, an anodic current was observed at 0.5 V (against Ag/AgCl). Further, when ethanol was added to the solution, the current started to increase to reach a steady-state within 3 min. The electrode had a good response to acetaldehyde and lactic acid as well as ethanol. Culture conditions affected the current response to various substances; the response of the electrode modified with the cells grown in static culture was much higher than that of the electrode with the cells grown in shaking culture, and the electrode with ethanol-grown cells had a high response to ethanol and acetaldehyde compared with that of the electrode with glucose-grown cells. The increase in the amount of the current after the addition of ethanol (ΔI EtOH) was linearly proportional to the total number of immobilized cells per electrode in the range 1.0 × 104–1.0 × 108 cells. The ΔI EtOH values were measured with the electrode prepared with a fixed volume of the cell suspensions taken from the culture at 6-h intervals; the dependence of the ΔI EtOH value on time agreed well with the cell growth measured by colony counting and turbidity in the lag and logarithmic phase. After the logarithmic phase, the value of ΔI EtOH sharply decreased, resembling to the growth measured by colony counting, rather than by turbidity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530051448
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deficiency of cox1 gene expression in wheat plants with Aegilops columnaris cytoplasm (1996)
    Springer
    Current genetics 30 (1996), S. 509-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key words Mitochondria ; cox genes ; Transcription ; Alloplasmic wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Wheat plants with Aegilops columnaris cytoplasm are characterized by growth inhibition and partial male sterility and show an impaired mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase activity. We designed this study to clarify the functional relationship between this impaired cytochrome c oxidase activity and possible structural alterations to the mitochondrial genes cox1, cox2 and cox3 that encode three subunits of the cytochrome c oxidase. Using restriction mapping and DNA sequencing, we found major rearrangements in the flanking regions of the cox1 and cox3 genes. In Northern-blot analysis, we detected two different cox3 transcripts and a reduced level of a cox2 transcript, whereas we could not detect a transcript of cox1. These results suggest that rearrangements of the flanking regions of the cox1 gene may result in the severe suppression of its transcription, and subsequently, may lead to the impaired cytochrome c oxidase activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002940050163
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Progressive sequence of reactions of the Ryoke metamorphism in the Yanai district, southwest Japan: the formation of cordierite (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd.
    Journal of metamorphic geology 16 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: The compositions of biotite and muscovite were examined in terms of the paragenesis and the metamorphic grade in low- to medium-grade pelitic rocks of the Ryoke metamorphism in the Yanai district, southwest Japan. The biotite and muscovite that coexist with K-feldspar have a higher K component in an A′KF diagram than those in rocks lacking K-feldspar. This fact reflects an increase in the K2O content in muscovite, but in biotite it reflects an increase of not only the K2O content but also of the octahedral vacancy.At higher metamorphic grade beyond the cordierite isograd, where cordierite coexists with neither chlorite nor K-feldspar, the biotite shows an increase in illite, K Aliv □xii−1 Si−1, and Tschermak components, Alvi Aliv R+−1 Si−1, where □xii and R+ denote the interlayer vacancy and (Fe+Mg+Mn), respectively. A reaction to define the cordierite isograd is proposed by treating this chemical change as being responsible for the first appearance of cordierite, i.e. K,Al-poor biotite+phengitic muscovite=K,Al-rich biotite+cordierite+quartz+water .By treating this as a key reaction in medium-grade metamorphism, a set of reaction in a progressive metamorphism is established for the Ryoke metamorphism, a typical low-pressure type metamorphism. Some textures in one of the high-grade areas, the K-feldspar-cordierite zone, suggest that a further two prograde reactions have taken place, i.e. andalusite+biotite+quartz=cordierite+K-feldspar+waterand  andalusite=sillimanite.quartz=cordierite+K-feldspar+waterThis implies that this zone probably has a P–T  path involving isobaric heating.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1998.00060.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon germanium: A bottom cell material for amorphous silicon-based tandem solar cells (1996)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 69 (1996), S. 4224-4226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have developed hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon germanium, which exhibits a red-shifted absorption spectrum relative to hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon, as a candidate material for the bottom cell of amorphous silicon-based tandem solar cells. Optical absorption, x-ray diffraction, and Raman scattering spectra are presented in addition to optoelectronic properties and light-induced changes. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.116993
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydraulic contribution in cell elongation of tissue-cultured plants: growth retardation induced by osmotic and temperature stresses and addition of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and benzylaminopurine (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd.
    Plant, cell & environment 22 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: This work was undertaken to determine the growth parameters of Lockhart’s equation for finding which component was predominantly contributing to the cell expansion rates of plants subjected to environmental stresses under tissue-culture conditions. Embryos isolated from soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) and kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seeds were grown under tissue-culture conditions. The water potential of culture media ranged from − 0·02 to − 0·94 MPa so that nutrient deficiency and salt stress conditions could be applied. Additionally, the temperature of culture conditions was set from 10 to 40 °C to apply low-temperature and high-temperature stresses on plants grown at the optimum concentration of culture medium. Cell expansion could be inhibited completely by adding 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and benzylaminopurine to culture media to form callus tissue. The sizes of the water potential gradient between the water source and elongating cells correlated with the speed of growth rates under nutrient deficiency, salt stress, growth retardation induced by plant hormones, low-temperature and high-temperature conditions in the present study, indicating that cell expansion rates were mainly associated with how much water could be absorbed by elongating cells regardless of the kinds of environmental stress conditions applied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00463.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON CRACK HEALING BEHAVIOUR OF Si3 N4 /SiC COMPOSITE CERAMICS (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd.
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 21 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Ceramic (Si3 N4 /SiC) composites have been produced by sintering. From the sintered block, three point bend specimens were cut out. A semi-circular crack was made on the centre of the tension surface of the test specimen with the aid of a Vicker’s indenter. The diameter of the semi-circular crack was about 60–70 μm. The specimens were subsequently heat treated at 1300°C for 1 h in vacuum, nitrogen or air. The bending strength was measured at room temperature, 800 and 1000°C. The specimens heat treated in air recovered considerably their bending strength at 1000°C, several specimens failed at a location different from the healed crack and their average strength showed the same value of that for smooth specimens. From these results, it is concluded that the recovery in bending strength of a cracked specimen was caused by crack healing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-2695.1998.00052.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dietary Restriction Reduces the Prevalence of Osteonecrosis of the Caput Femoris in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (1999)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 64 (1999), S. 259-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Key words: Spontaneously hypertensive rat — Osteonecrosis — Caput femoris — Dietary restriction — Mechanical stress — Blood supply.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. We investigated the effects of dietary restriction (DR), an experimental intervention known to suppress several strain-specific diseases, on the prevalence of osteonecrosis of the caput femoris in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). At 6 weeks of age, the food intake of DR rats was restricted to 65% of the mean intake of control rats fed ad libitum (AL). Acute osteonecrosis of the caput femoris without reparative tissue response (RTR) was observed at 10 and 15 weeks in both DR and AL groups; no such acute lesion was seen at 20 and 30 weeks. The prevalence of osteonecrosis, osteonecrosis with/without reparative tissue response was significantly reduced in DR rats at 15 and 20 weeks, but not at 10 weeks. DR reduced the body weight by 30% and the length of the femur by 10%. Ossification of the caput femoris, known to be delayed in AL rats compared with Wistar Kyoto rats, was also restored by DR. Our results showed that dietary restriction reduced the prevalence of osteonecrosis and modulated the mechanical factors involved in the lesion. They also indicate that utilization of dietary restriction is a useful research tool for investigating the underlying mechanisms of osteonecrosis of the caput femoris in SHR.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002239900614
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