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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intrinsic rate of population increase of the spider mite Tetranychus urticae on the ornamental crop gerbera: intraspecific variation in host plant and herbivore (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 89 (1998), S. 159-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: integrated pest management ; genotypes ; rm ; plant breeding ; adaptation ; Acari
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eight cultivars of the ornamental crop Gerbera jamesonii Bolus (Asteraceae) were compared in host plant suitability for the two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae). This was done by determining the intrinsic rate of population increase, rm, of spider mites on leaf discs of plants from each of the cultivars. Large differences in rm values were found, ranging from 0.088/day on cultivar Bianca to 0.242/day on cultivar Sirtaki. This variation in rm was mainly caused by differences in developmental time of the spider mites. We assessed the performance of spider mites on young and old leaves of the two gerbera cultivars Bianca and Sirtaki. On Sirtaki the spider mites had a shorter developmental time and higher peak oviposition rate on young leaves than on old leaves. However, on Bianca such an effect was not found. We also determined the performance of two spider mite strains on the resistant gerbera cultivar Bianca. We compared the rm of a strain that had been reared on this cultivar for approximately half a year with the rm of a strain that was reared on bean. The rm of the strain that was reared on cultivar Bianca increased to 0.208/day, which is however still substantially lower than the rm on the susceptible cultivar Sirtaki.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003516213213
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Jasmonic acid induces the production of gerbera volatiles that attract the biological control agent Phytoseiulus persimilis (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 93 (1999), S. 77-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Acari ; behaviour ; biological control ; Gerbera jamesonii ; herbivore induced synomones ; infochemicals ; indirect defence ; Phytoseiidae ; semiochemicals ; terpenoids ; Tetranychus urticae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Jasmonic acid (JA) is a plant hormone that is involved in the induction of plant defence in response to herbivore attack. We studied the effect of exposure of gerbera leaves to JA on indirect plant defence, i.e. attraction of natural enemies of herbivores. Treatment of gerbera leaves with JA or feeding damage by the herbivorous spider mite Tetranychus urticae, both induced the production of a complex odour blend that attracts the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis. This phytoseiid predator is a very effective biological control agent of the spider mite T. urticae. Comparison of headspace composition of gerbera leaves exposed to either JA or T. urticae revealed a large degree of resemblance, but some quantitative and qualitative differences were recorded. The major chemical group in both treatments is formed by the terpenoids which quantitatively comprised up to 80% of the total odour blend. These terpenoids included (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, (E)-β-ocimene and linalool that are known to attract P. persimilis. Aldehydes, alcohols, esters and ketones, together with nitrogenous compounds formed the remaining constituents of the odour blend. The induction of predator attractants in plants by JA may be applied in biological control programs, which is discussed in this paper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003826309751
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Leaf hairs influence searching efficiency and predation rate of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) (1999)
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 23 (1999), S. 119-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Keywords: Phytoseiidae ; walking speed ; biological control ; tritrophic interactions ; Gerbera jamesonii ; trichomes.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of leaf hairs on searching efficiency of adult female Phytoseiulus persimilis was investigated. For this purpose we used the ornamental crop Gerbera jamesonii and determined the predator's searching efficiency on three cultivars that differ largely in the density of leaf hairs on the undersurface of the leaves. Walking speed of the mites was highest on the cultivar with the lowest leaf hair density. Walking activity, defined as the percentage of time spent walking, was not dependent on leaf hair density of the cultivars. At both prey densities tested, time until first predation increased with leaf hair density. The predation rate of adult female P. persimilis is affected by trichome density, particularly when prey density is low. At prey densities of 1.3 and 2.5 Tetranychus urticae eggs cm–2, predation rate was inversely related to leaf hair density. At a prey density of 8.0 eggs cm–2 no significant effect of leaf hair density on predation rate was found. These negative effects on searching efficiency and predation success at low prey density of P. persimilis suggest that biological control of T. urticae on gerbera may be hampered by leaf hairs. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006098410165
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developmental stage of herbivorePseudaletia separata affects production of herbivore-induced synomone by corn plants (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 273-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pseudaletia separata ; Cotesia kariyai ; Apanteles ; herbivore-induced synomone ; Y-tube olfactometer ; leaf volatiles ; terpenoids ; indole ; regurgitant ; herbivore developmental stage specificity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The female parasitic waspCotesia kariyai discriminated between the volatiles of corn leaves infested by younger host larvaePseudaletia separata (first to fourth instar) and uninfested leaves in a Y-tube olfactometer; the wasps were attracted to the infested leaves. In contrast, when corn plants were infested by the later stages (fifth and sixth instar) of the armyworm, the wasps did not distinguish between infested corn leaves and uninfested corn leaves in the olfactometer. Mechanically damaged leaves were no more attractive than undamaged leaves, and host larvae or their feces were not attractive to the parasitoid. Through chemical analysis, the herbivore-induced plant volatiles were identified in the headspace of infested corn leaves. The herbivore-induced volatiles (HIVs) constituted a larger proportion of the headspace of corn leaves infested by early instar armyworms than of corn leaves infested by late instar armyworms. Application of third-instar larval regurgitant onto artificially damaged sites of leaves resulted in emission of parasitoid attractants from the leaf, whereas leaves treated with sixth-instar regurgitant did not. The function of this herbivore-stage related specificity of herbivore-induced synomones is discussed in a tritrophic context.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02036717
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Response of Phytoseiulus persimilis to Spider Mite-Induced Volatiles from Gerbera: Influence of Starvation and Experience (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 2623-2641 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Herbivore-induced synomones ; infochemicals ; semiochemicals ; learning ; biological control ; prey location ; behavior ; Acarina ; Phytoseiulus persimilis ; Tetranychus urticae ; Gerbera jamesonii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract When leaves of the ornamental crop Gerbera jamesonii are damaged by the spider mite Tetranychus urticae, they produce many volatile compounds in large quantities. Undamaged gerbera leaves produce only a few volatiles in very small quantities. In the headspace of spider mite-damaged gerbera leaves many terpenoids are present, comprising 65% of the volatile blend. In addition, a number of nitrogen containing compounds, such as oximes and nitriles, are produced. We studied the attraction of P. persimilis to the volatiles from spider mite-damaged gerbera leaves and how attraction is affected by starvation and previous experience. Phytoseiulus persimilis that were reared on spider mites (T. urticae) on Lima bean were not attracted to spider mite-induced volatiles from gerbera. Starvation did not influence the predator's response to these volatiles. In contrast, predators that were reared on spider mites on gerbera leaves were strongly attracted to volatiles from spider mite-infested gerbera. This was found also for predators that originated from a culture on spider mite-infested bean and were offered six days of experience with spider mites on gerbera leaves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020887104771
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  • 6
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    Unknown
    beta-Glucosidase: an elicitor of herbivore-induced plant odor that attracts host-searching parasitic wasps. (1995)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-03-14
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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