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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The identification of a (CGG)6AGG insertion within the CGG repeat of the FMR1 gene in Asians (1997)
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 99 (1997), S. 793-795 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have evaluated the structure of the CGG repeat within the FMR1 gene of an Asian population and found the most common size of the repeat to be 29 and 30 with a minor population of 36 repeats. We have isolated and sequenced DNA containing the 36 repeats and found the basis sequence to be (CGG)9AGG(CGG)9AGG(CGG)6AGG(CGG)9; with a (CGG)6)AGG insertion, designated as 9A9A6A9. Of 144 Asian chromosomes, 11 (8%) had sequences with this insertion. Six different variations of the basic sequence were observed in the population: 9A9A6A2A9, 9A9A6A11, 9A9A16, 9A9A15, 8A9A6A6A9, and 11A6A6A9. All but one of the chromosomes with the insertion had the haplotype of DXS548/ FRAXAC1: 194/D suggesting that the sequences with the 6A insertion arose from a single ancestral allele. We have not observed the insertion in the FMR1 gene of Caucasians or Native Americans. The (CGG)6AGG insertion may be unique to Asians.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004390050450
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Small-angle light scattering studies of dense AOT-water-decane microemulsions (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 1317-1332 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering ; other light scattering ; Emulsions and suspensions ; Specific phase transitions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We have performed extensive studies of a three-component microemulsion system composed of AOT-water-decane (AOT=sodium-bis-ethylhexyl-sulfosuccinate is an ionic surfactant) using small-angle light scattering (SALS). The small-angle scattering intensities are measured in the angular interval 0.001–0.1 radians, corresponding to a Bragg wave number range of 0.14 μm−1〈Q〈〈1.4 μm−1. The measurements were made by changing temperature and volume fraction ϕ of the dispersed phase (water + AOT) in the range 0.05〈ϕ〈0.75. All samples have a fixed water-to-AOT molar ratio,w=[water]/[AOT]=40.8, in order to keep the same average droplet size in the stable one-phase region. With the SALS technique, we have been able to observe all the phase boundaries of a very complex phase diagram with a percolation line and many structural organizations within it. We observe at the percolation transition threshold, a scaling behavior of the intensity data. This behavior is a consequence of a clustering among microemulsion droplets near the percolation threshold. In addition, we describe in detail a structural transition from a droplet microemulsion to a bicontinuous one as suggested by a recent small-angle neutron scattering experiment. The loci of this transition are located several degrees above the percolation temperatures and are coincident with the maxima previously observed in shear viscosity. From the data analysis, we show that both the percolation phenomenon and this novel structural transition are derived from a large-scale aggregation between microemulsion droplets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02453266
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A small-angle neutron scattering study of nonionic surfactant molecules at the water–oil interface: Area per molecule, microemulsion domain size, and rigidity (1997)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 106 (1997), S. 6483-6491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) of bicontinuous microemulsions of 19 different water-n-alkane-CiEj (n-alkylpolyglycolether) systems has been measured. All scattering curves exhibit a broad scattering peak which permits determining the characteristic length scale ξ for bicontinuous structures at symmetric water and oil volume fractions, i.e., φ=0.5. Various random models predict ξ=aδφ(1−φ)/φc. We find that ξ is indeed inversely proportional to the surfactant volume fraction φc. Approximating the effective surfactant chain length δ by δ=νc/ac, where ac and νc are the area and the volume of the surfactant molecule, the numerical value for a is determined to be a=7.16, which is close to, but significantly different from those used in theoretical models. The head group area ac at the water–oil interface is obtained from the large q part of the scattering curves. It is found to be independent of i and k, the carbon numbers of the alkyl chain of the surfactant and of the alkane, respectively. However, it depends strongly, and nearly linearly, on the head group size j of the surfactant. Within experimental error it is described by ac=29.3+6.20j (Å2). © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.473638
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of efficiency enhancement through magnetic field profiling in cyclotron autoresonance maser (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 2 (1995), S. 959-964 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Phase control and the increase of the available free energy are two basic mechanisms that enhance the efficiency of a cyclotron autoresonance maser (CARM) device through linearly tapering the externally applied magnetic field. Based on these two mechanisms, a nonlinearly profiled magnetic field, as formed by adding a positively three-quarter sine profile onto a uniform magnetic field, applied on CARM is proposed in this study. Numerical results show that applications of the nonlinearly profiled magnetic field can raise the efficiency of CARM to around 50% over a wide range of frequency detunings. The reduction of efficiency sensitivity to the beam velocity spread can also be achieved for the increase of the available free energy with the use of the nonlinearly profiled magnetic field. Furthermore, the nonlinearly profiled magnetic field is also far more effective and practical than the linearly tapered magnetic field in efficiency enhancement. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871375
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Construction of a dual mode scanning near-field optical microscope based on a tapping mode atomic force microscope (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 69 (1998), S. 3840-3842 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We present the modification of a commercial tapping mode atomic force microscope into a reflection and transmission dual mode scanning near-field optical microscope. In the configuration, the normal force detection unit is replaced by a shear force detection module and an interfacing circuit. The tip-sample distance control is therefore similar to tapping mode operation. Detection of the near-field signals is based on photodiodes and the lock-in technique, and the resolutions obtained for the topography and the near-field signal are around 80 and 150 nm, respectively.© 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149187
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Controllable fabrication of bent near-field optical fiber probes by electric arc heating (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 69 (1998), S. 3843-3845 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We describe the construction of a high voltage electric arc puller for controllable fabrication of bent near-field optical fiber probes. Various probes with bent angles ranging from 30° to 75° and bent lengths between 600 and 900 μm were successfully produced. The tip diameters achieved are between 100 and 200 nm. These bent type probes can be made into cantilevered probes that can be used for any dynamic mode atomic force microscope, and make the construction of a scanning near-field optical microscope easily attainable.© 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149188
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement and Interpretation of Curvatures of the Oil–Water Interface in Isometric Bicontinuous Microemulsions (1997)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 30 (1997), S. 755-760 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) study was carried out on a three-component isometric (equal volume fractions of water and oil) ionic microemulsion system, composed of AOT/brine/decane [AOT= surfactant sodium bis(ethylhexylsufo)succinate]. SANS measurements were made as a function of volume fraction of surfactant within the one-phase channel at the hydrophile–lipophile balance (HLB) salinity and at a constant temperature. We analyzed SANS data taken with oil–water contrast in terms of a modified Berk random wave model. The good agreement of the model with SANS intensity requires a proper form of spectral function. We chose a spectral function which is an inverse eighth-order polynomial in wave number k, containing three length scales 1/a, 1/b and 1/c. The spectral function has finite second and fourth moments. The model shows good agreement with the intensity data in an absolute scale. The three parameters so obtained were then used to calculate the average square mean curvature and the average Gaussian curvature of the interface. The variation of these curvatures and the underlying spectral functions as a function of the surfactant volume fraction were determined and their implications for the degree of local order of the bicontinuous structure are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889897001635
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spinodal Decomposition in Bicontinuous Microemulsions Studied by Ultra-Small-Angle Time-Resolved Light Scattering (1997)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 30 (1997), S. 1105-1111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Time-resolved small-angle light scattering was used to study phase separation phenomena of the water–octane–tetraethylene glycol monodecyl ether (C10E4) microemulsion system. More precisely, a surfactant volume fraction φs at which the system separates into two different bicontinuous phases was used. Under these conditions, the contributions to the structure factors of both the macrophase and the microphase separation domains that occur simultaneously could be observed. Time evolution of the characteristic wave vectors and of the intensity distributions are discussed in the framework of dynamical scaling theories and compared with the results of molecular dynamics simulations. A comparison of the data obtained with the numerical analysis gives a clear indication that in this complex bicontinuous system, the phase-separation process occurs differently than in simple critical mixtures. It was also observed that the kinetics of the phase separation depend strongly on the competition between macro and micro separating domains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889897001908
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Circularly polarized light generated by photoexcitation of luminophores in glassy liquid-crystal films (1999)
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 397 (1999), S. 506-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Optical information processing, display and storage can be accomplished with linearly or circularly polarized light. In passive (non-emitting) devices, linear polarization can be produced by anisotropic absorption of light, whereas circular polarization has been attained by selective reflection ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/17343
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The relationship between the interfacial curvatures and phase behavior in bicontinuous microemulsions — a SANS study (1997)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 106 (1997), S. 14-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Interfacial curvatures ; microemulsion ; SANS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract We introduce a new technique using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) to measure the average Gaussian curvature and the average square-mean curvature of the oil-water interface in a threecomponent, nearly isometric (equal volume fractions of water and oil) ionic microemulsion system. The microemulsion is composed of AOT/brine/decane. SANS measurements are made as a function of both the volume fraction of surfactant and salinity at a constant temperature, 45 °C, within the one-phase channel. The temperature is chosen at the hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) temperature for a salinity of 0.49%. The SANS data taken with an oil-water contrast are analyzed by using a random-wave model with an appropriate spectral function. The spectral function is an inverse eighth-order polynomial in wave numberk, containing three length scales 1/a, 1/b, and 1/c, and has finite second and fourth moments. This three-parameter spectral function is then used in conjunction with Cahn's clipping scheme to obtain the Debye correlation function for the microphase-separated bicontinuous microemulsions. The model shows good agreement with the intensity data in an absolute scale. We then use the three parameters so obtained to calculate the average Gaussian curvature and the average square-mean curvature of the interface. We determine the variation of these curvatures as functions of the surfactant volume fraction and salinity and discuss their implication on the degree of local order of the bicontinuous structure. We also show a 3-D morphology of the microemulsion at the contact point of the three-phase and the one-phase region of the phase diagram generated by this model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189485
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