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  • Articles  (81)
  • 1995-1999  (81)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-energy and high-fluence proton irradiation effects in silicon solar cells (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 80 (1996), S. 4916-4920 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have examined proton irradiation damage in high-energy (1–10 MeV) and high-fluence ((approximately-greater-than)1013 cm−2) Si n+-p-p+ structure space solar cells. Radiation testing has revealed an anomalous increase in short-circuit current Isc followed by an abrupt decrease and cell failure, induced by high-fluence proton irradiation. We propose a model to explain these phenomena by expressing the change in carrier concentration p of the base region as a function of the proton fluence in addition to the well-known model where the short-circuit current is decreased by minority-carrier lifetime reduction after irradiation. The reduction in carrier concentration due to majority-carrier trapping by radiation-induced defects has two effects. First, broadening of the depletion layer increases both the generation–recombination current and also the contribution of the photocurrent generated in this region to the total photocurrent. Second, the resistivity of the base layer is increased, resulting in the abrupt decrease in the short circuit current and failure of the solar cells. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.363534
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Local and global ordering in rodlike polymer monolayers at the air–water interface (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 78 (1995), S. 6885-6887 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The compressed monolayers of a rodlike polymer at the air–water interface were transferred onto solid substrates by a horizontal lifting method and studied by the liquid crystal alignment technique. It has been found that the rodlike polymer monolayers have a well ordered orientation on a local region while on a larger scale they consist of disordered domains within which the polymers are uniformly oriented. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.360454
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tribology of proximity magnetoresistive head–disk interface for 5 Gb/in.2 recording (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 5624-5626 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Low fly-height magnetoresistive (MR) sliders and low glide-height laser-texture thin film disks were introduced to meet the tribological challenges of proximity MR recording, with which an areal density of 5 Gb/in.2 has been achieved when using the sliders with dual-stripe MR heads and the disks with low-noise media. The 30% pico sliders employed two air-bearing designs with a fly height around 12.5 nm. The thin film disks used superfinish substrates with a glide-avalanche-height falling well below 10.0 nm. In the contact start/stop (CSS) zones, small crater-shape laser texture bumps were generated to meet both low stiction and low glide-height requirements. An 80 Å thin amorphous nitrogenated carbon was added over the magnetic layers as a protective overcoat. A layer of perfluoropolyether with an additive of phosphazene compounds was applied on the disk surface to improve the reliability of head–disk interfaces. The near contact head–disk interface survived for 20 k-cycle hot/wet and hot/dry CSS tests without wear and high stiction. Twenty-four-hour hot/wet park-stiction values after 20 k CSS cycles were within the acceptable range. Remarkably, thermal-asperity tests showed no hits by using the proximity heads on the ultralow glide-height thin film disks. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.369819
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Type conversion in irradiated silicon diodes (1997)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 70 (1997), S. 2165-2167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have observed conversion from p- to n-type of the base layer of n+(backward-slash)p(backward-slash)p+ silicon diodes irradiated with more than roughly 5×1016 cm−2 1 MeV electrons. Annealing for 15 min at 200 °C results in a recovery of p-type conduction in diodes in which type conversion had been induced. Solar cells which employ the same diode structure are severely degraded by irradiation with more than 1016 cm−2 1 MeV electrons and show only a weak infrared response after irradiation with 1017 cm−2 1 MeV electrons, consistent with the creation of an n+(backward-slash)n(backward-slash)p structure due to type conversion. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.118946
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    INTEGRATION OF WATER QUALITY MODELING, REMOTE SENSING, AND GIS (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 35 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Water quality modeling has been developed for more than three quarters of a century, but is limited to the study of trends instead of making accurate short-term forecasts. A major barrier to water quality forecasting is the lack of an efficient system for water quality monitoring. Traditional water quality sampling is time-consuming, expensive, and can only be taken for small sizes. Remote sensing provides a new technique to monitor water quality repetitively for a large area. The objective of this research is to use remotely sensed data in a water quality model - QUAL2E - in a case study of the Te-Chi Reservoir in Taiwan. The water quality variables developed from the simulations are displayed in map form. The developed forecasting system is designed to predict water quality variables using remote sensing data as an input to initialize and update water quality conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb03587.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BISTABLE CHOLESTERIC REFLECTIVE DISPLAYS:Materials and Drive Schemes (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 27 (1997), S. 117-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Cholesteric liquid crystals possess a helical structure and exhibit two stable states at zero field: the planar texture and the focal conic texture. In the planar texture, they reflect circularly polarized light, whereas in the focal conic texture, they scatter light in forward directions. They can be switched from the planar texture to the focal conic texture by a low-voltage pulse and switched from the focal conic texture to the planar texture by a high-voltage pulse. The wavelength of the reflected light is easily adjusted by varying the pitch of cholesteric liquid crystals. They can be used to make reflective displays that do not need a back light and have a good readability under room-light conditions. We first review the optical properties of bistable cholesteric reflective displays and discuss the techniques used to achieve high contrast and large viewing angle. We then discuss the transitions among the cholesteric textures and the drive schemes used to address bistable cholesteric reflective displays.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.27.1.117
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of high-precision GPS orbits using triple differencing technique (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of geodesy 70 (1996), S. 655-662 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1394
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Summary Precise orbits of the Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites are fundamental constituents of GPS-based space geodesy. Accurate baseline estimates with a precision of one to a few parts in 108 are essential to the study of Earth's dynamics problems. As a by-product of trajectory estimation, high resolution Earth Rotation Parameters (ERPs) can also be determined. A new application of triple differencing for efficient evaluation of GPS orbits in a PC environment is presented here. Initial tests show that this approach is capable of providing orbits that are highly compatible with the results obtained by the International GPS Service for Geodynamics (IGS). This approach allows for completely automated data processing without the overhead of working with very large normal matrices or cycle-slip fixing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00867144
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of high-precision GPS orbits using triple differencing technique (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of geodesy 70 (1996), S. 655-662 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1394
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Summary. Precise orbits of the Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites are fundamental constituents of GPS-based space geodesy. Accurate baseline estimates with a precision of one to a few parts in 108 are essential to the study of Earth's dynamics problems. As a by-product of trajectory estimation, high resolution Earth Rotation Parameters (ERPs) can also be determined. A new application of triple differencing for efficient evaluation of GPS orbits in a PC environment is presented here. Initial tests show that this approach is capable of providing orbits that are highly compatible with the results obtained by the International GPS Service for Geodynamics (IGS). This approach allows for completely automated data processing without the overhead of working with very large normal matrices or cycle-slip fixing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00867144
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early development of the Drosophila mushroom bodies, brain centres for associative learning and memory (1997)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 207 (1997), S. 242-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Key words Mushroom bodies ; Kenyon cells ; Enhancer-trap ; GAL4 ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We have studied the formation of Drosophila mushroom bodies using enhancer detector techniques to visualize specific components of these complex intrinsic brain structures. During embryogenesis, neuronal proliferation begins in four mushroom body neuroblasts and the major axonal pathways of the mushroom bodies are pioneered. During larval development, neuronal proliferation continues and further axonal projections in the pedunculus and lobes are formed in a highly structured manner characterized by spatial heterogeneity of reporter gene expression. Enhancer detector analysis identifies many genomic locations that are specifically activated in mushroom body intrinsic neurons (Kenyon cells) during the transition from embryonic to postembryonic development and during metamorphosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004270050112
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of yeast extract and glucose on xanthan production and cell growth in batch culture of Xanthomonas campestris (1997)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 47 (1997), S. 689-694 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Although available kinetic data provide a useful insight into the effects of medium composition on xanthan production by Xanthomonas campestris, they cannot account for the synergetic effects of carbon (glucose) and nitrogen (yeast extract) substrates on cell growth and xanthan production. In this work, we studied the effects of the glucose/yeast-extract ratio (G/YE) in the medium on cell growth and xanthan production in various operating modes, including batch, two-stage batch, and fed-batch fermentations. In general, both the xanthan yield and specific production rate increased with increasing G/YE in the medium, but the cell yield and specific growth rate decreased as G/YE increased. A two-stage batch fermentation with a G/YE shift from an initial low level (2.5% glucose/0.3% yeast extract) to a high level (5.0% glucose/0.3% yeast extract) at the end of the exponential growth phase was found to be preferable for xanthan production. This two-stage fermentation design both provided fast cell growth and gave a high xanthan yield and xanthan production rate. In contrast, fed-batch fermentation with intermittent additions of glucose to the fermentor during the stationary phase was not favorable for xanthan production because of the relatively low G/YE resulting in low xanthan production rate and yield. It is also important to use a moderately high yeast extract concentration in the medium in order to reach a high cell density before the culture enters the stationary phase. A high cell density is also important to the overall xanthan production rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530050996
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