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  • Munksgaard International Publishers
  • Blackwell Publishers Ltd
  • 2000-2004  (3)
  • 1995-1999  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Labour 11 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9914
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Spain is one of the southern countries where the percentage of women working part-time is relatively low in comparison to other European countries, together with a low female activity rate. Some important obstacles to increasing female activity rates have already been removed, as younger cohorts of women show a more permanent attachment to the labour force than older women, meeting even high unemployment, which is especially acute for women and young people. Under the recent labour market reform, it is hoped that part-time contracts, which were first regulated in 1984, would be a way of facilitating flexibility and an incentive for employers to create jobs, as the experience of other countries has shown. The relative novelty of part-time work in Spain is the reason why this typically female employment regime has not been much explored in Spain yet, in spite of its important role in the reorganisation of the employment system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Labour 14 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9914
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Spain has one of the highest rates of unemployment among OECD countries. Some explanations for this stress the importance of unemployment duration compared with entry rates to the unemployment pool. Long-term unemployment rates are particularly high among women in Spain. The object of this paper is to investigate the determinants of unemployment duration among women. It will consider personal characteristics (education and age), family background, socio-economic variables (the number of household earners and household income) and the effect of unemployment benefits, using data from the Household Expenditure Survey 1990–91.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Physiologia plantarum 113 (2001), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The interaction between chloroplast fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) and thioredoxin (Trx) f, two plant proteins involved in the Benson-Calvin cycle, is mainly of an electrostatic nature [Hermoso et al. (1996) Plant Mol Biol 30: 455–465; Reche et al. (1997) Physiol Plant 101: 463–470; Sahrawy et al. (1997) J Mol Biol 269: 623–630; Hermoso et al. (1999) Physiol Plant 105: 756–762], possibly involving carboxyl groups of the enzyme and amino groups of Trx f. We carried out the covalent stabilization of that ionic complex, for the purpose of studying the interaction between both proteins and the factors that influence it. We have used 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]carbodiimide, a reagent able to cross-link carboxyl and amino groups, which allows the formation of covalent bonds between the groups that, in solution, form ionic bonds. A stable functional complex between both proteins was formed. The efficiency in the formation of that complex depends on the redox state of Trx f, ionic strength and pH, showing a strong correlation with the Trx f-dependent enzyme activity. The complex also retains enzyme activity. This suggests that the formation of the covalent complex requires the previous stabilization of a specific functional ionic complex between both proteins, and that in this functional complex carboxyl groups of the enzyme and primary amines of Trx f are involved. This complex is not stable in a tetrameric structure of the enzyme. We could also detect covalent aggregates of FBPase subunits, which indicates the implication of ionic interactions in the stabilization of the tetrameric structure of the enzyme; besides, as molecular filtration experiments and electrophoresis suggest, hydrophobic forces would also be implicated in the enzyme structure.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Physiologia plantarum 119 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: It is currently accepted that, along with nutrients, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi also transport water to their host plant. However, the quantity of water supplied and its significance for plant water relations remain controversial. The objective of this work was to evaluate and compare the ability of six AM fungi to alter rates of root water uptake under drought stress conditions. Soil drying rates of uninoculated control plants of comparable size and nutritional status and mycorrhizal plants were recorded daily. Lactuca sativa plants colonized by Glomus coronatum, G. intraradices, G. claroideum and G. mosseae depleted soil water to a higher extent than comparably sized uninoculated control plants or plants colonized by G. constrictum or G. geosporum. The differences ranged from 0.6% volumetric soil moisture for G. mosseae-colonized plants to 0.95% volumetric soil moisture for G. intraradices-colonized plants. These differences in soil moisture were equivalent to 3–4.75 ml plant−1 day−1, respectively, and could not be ascribed to differences in plant size, but to the activity of AM fungi. The AM fungi tested in this study differed in their effectiveness to enhance plant water uptake from soil. This ability seems to be related to the amount of external mycelium produced by each AM fungus and to the frequency of root colonization in terms of live and active fungal structures.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We previously demonstrated that a cluster in the available Asn-170Glu region of pea chloroplast fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) could be involved in its interaction with the physiological modulator thioredoxin (Trx). Using as template a cDNA coding for pea chloroplast FBPase, a DNA insert coding for a 19 amino acid fragment (Pro-167Gly) was amplified by PCR. After insertion in the pGEX-4T vector-1, it was expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein (GST-19) with the vector-coded glutathione transferase (GST). This protein appears in the supernatant of cell lysates, and was purified to homogeneity. After thrombin digestion, the 19 amino acid insert was isolated as a polypeptide which displayed a positive reaction against pea chloroplast FBPase antibodies. GST-19 linked to glutathione-Sepharose beads, but not the GST, strongly interacts with pea Trx f, suggesting that this binding depends on the 19 amino acid insert. ELISA and Western blot experiments also demonstrate the existence of a GST-19-Trx f interaction, as well as a negligible quantity of Trx f bound by the vector-coded GST. Putative competitive inhibition assays of FBPase activity carried out in the presence of increasing concentrations of the 19 amino acid insert do not demonstrate any enzyme inhibition. On the contrary, this protein fragment enhances the enzyme activity proportionally to its concentration in the assay mixture. This indicates that the FBPase-Trx f binding promotes some type of structural modification of the Trx molecule, or of the FBPase-Trx docking site, thus facilitating the reductive modulation of FBPase.
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