ALBERT

Note: Contents: 1 Global Distribution of Lakes / M. MEYBECK. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Background Material and Approaches to Global Lake Census. - 2.1 Data Used. - 2.2 Approaches to Global Lake Census. - 3 General Laws of Lake Distribution. - 3.1 Lake Density . - 3.2 Limnic Ratio. - 4 Distribution of Lakes of Tectonic Origin. - 5 Lakes of Glacial Origin. - 5.1 Lake Densities. - 5.2 Global Deglaciated Area. - 5.3 Total Number of Glacial Lakes. - 6 Fluvial Lakes. - 7 Global Distribution of Crater Lakes. - 8 Global Distribution of Saline Lakes. - 8.1 Coastal Lagoons. - 8.2 Salinized Lakes due to Evaporation. - 9 Global Lake Distribution. - 9.1 Extrapolation Approach. - 9.2 Lake Type Approach. - 9.3 Climatic Typology Approach. - 9.4 Lake Distribution in Endorheic Areas. - 9.5 Global Dissolved Salt Distribution in Lakes. - 10 Major Changes in Global Lake Distribution in the Geological Past. - 10.1 Lake Ages. - 10.2 Historical Changes. - 10.3 Postglacial Changes. - 11 Discussion and Conclusions. - References. - 2 Hydrological Processes and the Water Budget of Lakes / T. C. WINTER. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Hydrological System with Regard to Lakes. - 2.1 Interaction of Lakes with Atmospheric Water. - 2.2 Interaction of Lakes with Surface Water. - 2.3 Interaction of Lakes with Subsurface Water. - 2.4 Change in Lake Volume. - 3 Summary. - References. - 3 Hydrological and Thermal Response of Lakes to Climate: Description and Modeling / S. W. HOSTETLER. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Hydrological Response. - 3 The Hydrological Budget. - 4 Hydrological Models. - 5 Thermal Response. - 5.1 Energy Budget and Energy Budget Models. - 5.2 Models and Modeling. - 6 Use of Models to Link Lakes with Climate Change. - 7 Input Data Sets. - 8 Sample Applications. - 9 Summary. - References. - 4 Mixing Mechanisms in Lakes / D. M. IMBODEN and A. WÜEST. - 1 Transport and Mixing. - 2 Lakes as Physical Systems. - 3 Fluid Dynamics: Mathematical Description of Advection and Diffusion. - 3.1 Equations of Fluid Motion. - 3.2 Turbulence, Reynolds' Stress, and Eddy Diffusion. - 3.3 Vertical Momentum Equation. - 3.4 Nonlocal Diffusion and Transilient Mixing. - 4 Density and Stability of Water Column. - 4.1 Equation of State of Water. - 4.2 Potential Temperature and Local Vertical Stability. - 5 Energy Fluxes: Driving Forces Behind Transport and Mixing. - 5.1 Thermal Energy. - 5.2 Potential Energy. - 5.3 Kinetic Energy. - 5.4 Turbulent Kinetic Energy Balance in Stratified Water. - 5.5 Internal Turbulent Energy Fluxes: Turbulence Cascade. - 6 Mixing Processes in Lakes. - 6.1 Waves and Mixing. - 6.2 Mixing in the Surface Layer. - 6.3 Diapycnal Mixing. - 6.4 Boundary Mixing. - 6.5 Double Diffusion. - 6.6 Isopycnal Mixing. - 7 Mixing and Its Ecological Relevance. - 7.1 Time Scales of Mixing. - 7.2 Reactive Species and Patchiness. - 7.3 Mixing and Growth: The Search for an Ecological Steering Factor. - References. - 5 Stable Isotopes of Fresh and Saline Lakes / J. R. GAT. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 Isotope Separatio During Evaporation. - 2 Small-Area Lakes. - 2.1 Seasonal and Annual Changes. - 2.2 Deep Freshwater Lakes. - 2.3 Transient Surface-Water Bodies. - 3 Interactive and Feedback Systems. - 3.1 Network of Surface-Water Bodies. - 3.2 Recycling of Reevaporated Moisture into the Atmosphere. - 3.3 Large Lakes. - 3.4 Large-Area Lakes with Restricted Circulation. - 4 Saline Lakes. - 4.1 Isotope Hydrology of Large Salt Lakes. - 4.2 Ephemeral Salt Lakes and Sabkhas. - 5 Isotopie Paleolimnology. - 6 Conclusions: From Lakes to Oceans. - References. - 6 Exchange of Chemicals Between the Atmosphere and Lakes / P. VLAHOS, D. MACKAY, S. J. EISENREICH, and KC. HORNBUCKLE. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Air-Water Partitioning Equilibria. - 3 Diffusion Between Water and Air. - 4 Volatilization and Absorption: Double-Resistance Approach. - 5 Factors Affecting Mass-Transfer Coefficients. - 6 Partitioning of Chemical to Paniculate Matter in Air and Water. - 6.1 Air. - 6.2 Water. - 7 Atmospheric Deposition Processes. - 7.1 Dry Deposition. - 7.2 Wet Deposition. - 8 Specimen Calculation. - 8.1 Step 1: Physicochemical Properties. - 8.2 Step 2: Mass-Transfer Coefficients. - 8.3 Step 3: Sorption in Air and Water. - 8.4 Step 4: Equilibrium Status. - 8.5 Step 5: Volatilization and Deposition Rates. - 9 Role of Air-Water Exchange in Lake Mass Balances. - 10 Case Studies. - 10.1 Mass Balance on Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale. - 10.2 Mass Balance on Lake Superior. - 10.3 Air-Water Exchange in Green Bay, Lake Michigan. - 10.4 Air-Water Exchange in Lake Superior. - 11 Conclusions. - References. - 7 Atmospheric Depositions: Impact of Acids on Lakes / W. STUMM and J. SCHNOOR. - Abstract. - 1 Introduction: Anthropogenic Generation of Acidity. - 1.1 Genesis of Acid Precipitation. - 2 Acidity and Alkalinity: Neutralizing Capacities. - 2.1 Transfer of Acidity (or Alkalinity) from Pollution Through the Atmosphere to Ecosystems. - 3 Acidification of Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems. - 3.1 Disturbance of H+ Balance from Temporal or Spatial Decoupling of the Production and Mineralization of the Biomass. - 3.2 In Situ H+ Ion Neutralization in Lakes. - 3.3 Krug and Frink Revisited. - 4 Brønsted Acids and Lewis Acids: Pollution by Heavy Metals, as Influenced by Acidity. - 4.1 Cycling of Metals. - 4.2 Pb in Soils. - 5 Impact of Acidity on Ecology in Watersheds. - 5.1 Soils. - 5.2 Lakes. - 5.3 Nitrogen Saturation of Forests. - 6 Critical Loads. - 6.1 Critical Load Maps. - 6.2 Models for Critical Load Evaluation. - 7 Case Studies. - 7.1 Chemical Weathering of Crystalline Rocks in the Catchment Area of Acidic Ticino Lakes, Switzerland. - 7.2 Watershed Manipulation Project at Bear Brooks, Maine. - 8 Summary. - References. - 8 Redox-Driven Cycling of Trace Elements in Lakes / J. HAMILTON-TAYLOR and W. DAVISON. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Major Biogeochemical Cycles and Pathways. - 3 Iron and Manganese. - 3.1 Transformations and Cycling. - 3.2 Iron and Manganese Compounds as Carrier Phases. - 4 Sediment-Water Interface. - 4.1 Diffusive Flux from Sediments. - 4.2 Evidence of Little or No Diffusive Efflux from Sediments. - 4.3 Transient Remobilization. - 4.4 Diffusive Flux into Sediments. - 5 Pathways Involving Redox Reactions Directly: Case Studies. - 5.1 Arsenic. - 5.2 Chromium. - 5.3 239,240Pu. - 5.4 Selenium 6 Pathways Involving Redox Reactions Indirectly: Case Studies. - 6.1 137Cs. - 6.2 Stable Pb, 210Pb, and 210Po. - 6.3 Zinc. - 7 Summary and Conclusions. - References. - 9 Comparative Geochemistry of Marine Saline Lakes / F. T. MACKENZIE, S. VINK, R. WOLLAST, and L. CHOU. - 1 Introduction. - 2 General Characteristics of Marine Saline Lakes. - 3 Comparative Sediment-Pore-Water Reactions. - 3.1 Mangrove Lake, Bermuda. - 3.2 Solar Lake, Sinai. - 4 Conclusions. - References. - 10 Organic Matter Accumulation Records in Lake Sediments / P. A. MEYERS and R. ISHIWATARI. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 Significance of Organic Matter in Lake Sediments. - 1.2 Origins of Organic Matter to Lake Sediments. - 1.3 Alterations of Organic Matter During Deposition. - 1.4 Similarities and Differences Between Organic Matter in Sediments of Lakes and Oceans. - 1.5 Dating of Lake-Sediment Records. - 2 Indicators of Sources and Alterations of Total Organic Matter in Lake Sediments. - 2.1 Source Information Preserved in C/N Ratios of Sedimentary Organic Matter. - 2.2 Source Information from Carbon-Stable Isotopic Compositions. - 2.3 Source Information from Nitrogen-Stable Isotopic Compositions. - 3 Origin and Alterations of Humic Substances. - 4 Sources and Alterations of Lipid Biomarkers. - 4.1 Alteration of Lipids During Deposition. - 4.2 Changes in Sources vs Selective Diagenesis. - 4.3 Effects of Sediment Grain Size on Geolipid Compositions. - 4.4 Source Records of Alkanes in Lake Sediments. - 4.5 Preserv

Note: Nick Cameron, Ray Bate, Val Clure, and Jeremy Benton: Oil and gas habitats of the South Atlantic: Introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 153:1-9, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.153.01.01 --- The Geological and Geophysical Framework --- Garry D. Karner and Neal W. Driscoll: Tectonic and stratigraphic development of the West African and eastern Brazilian Margins: insights from quantitative basin modelling / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 153:11-40, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.153.01.02 --- Kerry Gallagher and Roderick Brown: The Mesozoic denudation history of the Atlantic margins of southern Africa and southeast Brazil and the relationship to offshore sedimentation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 153:41-53, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.153.01.03 --- Renato M. Darros de Matos: History of the northeast Brazilian rift system: kinematic implications for the break-up between Brazil and West Africa / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 153:55-73, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.153.01.04 --- Bruce R. Rosendahl and Henrike Groschel-Becker: Deep seismic structure of the continental margin in the Gulf of Guinea: a summary report / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 153:75-83, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.153.01.05 --- R. Crossley and D. Cripps: Templates from mainland Africa and the Red Sea for interpreting the early evolution of the South Atlantic / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 153:85-96, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.153.01.06 --- Oil and Gas Habitats --- P. Dolan: Western Africa: an unfinished story of oil and gas exploration / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 153:97-99, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.153.01.07 --- M. P. Coward, E. G. Purdy, A. C. Ries, and D. G. Smith: The distribution of petroleum reserves in basins of the South Atlantic margins / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 153:101-131, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.153.01.08 --- Ian Davison: Tectonics and hydrocarbon distribution along the Brazilian South Atlantic margin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 153:133-151, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.153.01.09 --- Eric H. A. Jungslager: Petroleum habitats of the Atlantic margin of South Africa / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 153:153-168, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.153.01.10 --- Organic Geochemistry --- C. F. Schiefelbein, J. E. Zumberge, N. R. Cameron, and S. W. Brown: Petroleum systems in the South Atlantic margins / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 153:169-179, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.153.01.11 --- R. Burwood: Angola: source rock control for Lower Congo Coastal and Kwanza Basin petroleum systems / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 153:181-194, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.153.01.12 --- Applications --- Ann Holbourn, Wolfgang Kuhnt, Abderrazzak El Albani, Thomas Pletsch, Florian Luderer, and Thomas Wagner: Upper Cretaceous palaeoenvironments and benthonic foraminiferal assemblages of potential source rocks from the western African margin, Central Atlantic / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 153:195-222, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.153.01.13 --- A. El Albani, W. Kuhnt, F. Luderer, J. P. Herbin, and M. Caron: Palaeoenvironmental evolution of the Late Cretaceous sequence in the Tarfaya Basin (southwest of Morocco) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 153:223-240, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.153.01.14 --- Thomas Wagner and Thomas Pletsch: Tectono-sedimentary controls on Cretaceous black shale deposition along the opening Equatorial Atlantic Gateway (ODP Leg 159) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 153:241-265, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.153.01.15 --- R. C. Preece, M. A. Kaminski, and T. W. Dignes: Miocene benthonic foraminiferal morphogroups in an oxygen minimum zone, offshore Cabinda / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 153:267-282, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.153.01.16 --- Raymond H. Bate: Non-marine ostracod assemblages of the Pre-Salt rift basins of West Africa and their role in sequence stratigraphy / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 153:283-292, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.153.01.17 --- R. V. Dingle: Walvis Ridge barrier: its influence on palaeoenvironments and source rock generation deduced from ostracod distributions in the early South Atlantic Ocean / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 153:293-302, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.153.01.18 --- Exploration Studies and Issues --- Jonathan P. Turner: Detachment faulting and petroleum prospectivity in the Rio Muni Basin, Equatorial Guinea, West Africa / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 153:303-320, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.153.01.19 --- Joanne Bagguley and Sarah Prosser: The interpretation of passive margin depositional processes using seismic stratigraphy: examples from offshore Namibia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 153:321-344, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.153.01.20 --- I. G. Stanistreet and H. Stollhofen: Onshore equivalents of the main Kudu gas reservoir in Namibia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 153:345-365, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.153.01.21 --- Dougal A. Jerram, Nigel Mountney, and Harald Stollhofen: Facies architecture of the Etjo Sandstone Formation and its interaction with the Basal Etendeka Flood Basalts of northwest Namibia: implications for offshore prospectivity / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 153:367-380, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.153.01.22 --- J. Clemson, J. Cartwright, and R. Swart: The Namib Rift: a rift system of possible Karoo age, offshore Namibia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 153:381-402, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.153.01.23 --- P. F. Barker: Falkland Plateau evolution and a mobile southernmost South America / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 153:403-408, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.153.01.24 --- S. R. Lawrence, M. Johnson, S. R. Tubb, and S. J. Marshallsea: Tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the North Falkland region / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 153:409-424, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.153.01.25 --- P. J. E. Bransden, P. Burges, M. J. Durham, and J. G. Hall: Evidence for multi-phase rifting in the North Falklands Basin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 153:425-443, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.153.01.26 --- Neil S. Meadows: Basin evolution and sedimentary fill in the Palaeozoic sequences of the Falkland Islands / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 153:445-464, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.153.01.27