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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The thermal conductivity of methane in the critical region (1996)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 105 (1996), S. 10535-10555 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have measured the thermal conductivity of methane at temperatures from 308 K down to 190.585 K, which is just 21 mK above the critical temperature, and at densities up to 14 mol L−1. The data were obtained with an improved guarded parallel-plate cell with a new cryostat that was built especially for measurements in the critical region of methane. The new experimental data have a higher accuracy than those reported previously in the literature and enable us to examine the validity of the currently available theoretical description of the asymptotic and nonasymptotic behavior of the thermal conductivity of fluids in the critical region. Equations for the thermal conductivity of methane in a wide range of temperatures and densities are also presented. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.472943
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The thermal conductivity of an equimolar methane–ethane mixture in the critical region (1998)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 109 (1998), S. 717-736 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have measured the thermal conductivity of an equimolar mixture of methane and ethane in the vicinity of the critical point. The new experimental data confirm that the thermal conductivity of a mixture does not diverge at the critical point but crosses over to a finite limiting behavior at the critical point. A quantitative representation of the thermal-conductivity data has been obtained in terms of a recently developed extension of the mode-coupling theory that incorporates the crossover between the behavior of the thermal conductivity close to and far away from the critical point. The same theory enables us also to predict other transport properties of the mixture in the vicinity of the critical point. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.476611
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modeling of magnetic trilayers with interlayer coupling: Application to Co/Ru (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 2601-2608 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A magnetization model is presented that is used to cover trilayers containing two magnetic layers that are exchange coupled via an intermediate nonmagnetic layer and that have different crystalline anisotropies. The interfaces are coupled to the bulk by a twisted magnetization configuration which is evaluated using the Ritz method. By minimizing the total energy, experimental magnetization curves of strongly coupled Co/Ru sandwiches can be reproduced with a good precision and with the same set of parameters in two perpendicular field directions. These physical parameters can be determined with a good reliability and are in agreement with the literature except for the bulk anisotropy of the Co layer first deposited, which is twice as large as the known bulk value. This originates in the magnetoelastic contributions due to lattice misfit and interface roughness. It is shown that the interlayer exchange coupling forces the magnetization of both layers to be along the same axis in the low-field range notwithstanding the opposite sign of the anisotropy constants in most stacks. It is also demonstrated that the differences in the orientations of the moments in one Co layer are modest and depend on the various parameters. In particular, the bulk exchange constant is a decisive parameter that makes the calculated curves close to the experimental ones. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.361129
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cage fish farming in the tropical Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe: impact and biogeochemical changes in sediment (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Aquaculture research 28 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Accumulation of nutrients in the sediment under a tilapia cage farm (2.8–4.4% C, 0.26–0.49% N and 0.04–0.26% P) seemed to follow a seasonal pattern, with highest concentrations prior to winter water turnover. However, in April 1994 (and for P also in April 1992) the surface sediment contained significantly higher nutrient concentrations compared to controls. Generally, significantly higher pore water concentrations were found under the cages compared to controls. However, only in April 1992 were these concentrations of the same magnitude as those found in temperate studies. The average flux of particulate material under the cages, 20–49 g m−2 per day, was up to 22 times greater compared to controls. Carbon accumulated only in April 1994, implying rapid decomposition. This was supported by a 4–25-fold higher outward flux of ammonium and phosphate from the farm sediment but sediment O2 consumption was only 29–40% higher compared to control sites. It was concluded that intensive fish farming in the tropics can generate similar eutrophication effects that are observed in temperate regions. However, the results also indicated that a tropical lake system may be able to process local deposition of organic wastes better than a temperate one, suggesting that microbial decomposition may be a rapid and prominent process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.1997.00889.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ecological footprint for assessment of resource use and development limitations in shrimp and tilapia aquaculture (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Aquaculture research 28 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: We review estimates of the spatial ecosystem support required to run a typical semi-intensive shrimp farm in a coastal mangrove area in Carribean Colombia, and to produce food inputs and process wastes for large-scale industrially managed tilapia cage culture and small-scale, semi-intensive tilapia pond farming in Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe. The tilapia farming is discussed in relation to the pelagic kapenta, Limnothrissa miodon (Boulenger), fishery and to inshore fisheries in the Lake.The results show that a semi-intensive shrimp farm needs a spatial ecosystem support—the ecological footprint—35 to 190 times the surface area of the pond, mainly mangrove area. Based on the analysis, we conclude that shrimp farming in Colombia is already utilizing close to the full support capacity of its coastal environment. In intensive tilapia cage farming, the ecological footprint for feed production is 10 000 times larger than the area of the cages. In contrast, a tilapia pond farm maintained on offals from fisheries, agriculture and households depends very little on external ecosystem areas. As long as there is a direct market for human consumption of all kapenta caught in the Lake, fish cage farming based on fish meal from kapenta would be doubtful from ethical, ecological as well as resource management points of view, even if it was economically feasible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.1997.00940.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Giant nonlinear magneto-optical Kerr effects from Fe interfaces (invited) : The 40th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 6181-6185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Second harmonic generation from magnetic materials is shown to lead to a nonlinear magneto-optical Kerr effect that can be orders of magnitude larger than its linear equivalent. The origin of this effect can be found in the differences between the linear and nonlinear solutions of the optical wave equations and in the symmetry properties of the corresponding optical tensors. Applications for the study of magnetic surfaces, thin films, and multilayers will be discussed. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.362066
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contactless potentiometer based on giant magnetoresistance sensors : The 41st annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 4310-4312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We present a magnetic sensor based on the giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effect, which can be used as a contactless potentiometer. The sensor consists of a novel GMR sensor scheme with an artificial antiferromagnetic subsystem. The sensor gives a sinusoidal signal in dependence on the direction of a rotating external magnetic field Hrot. With two sensors in a planar setup, the whole 360° angle range can easily be covered. The amplitude ΔR/R of the signal is about 5%. The signal amplitude runs through a very flat maximum and changes only by 5% within a field range of about 4.4–27.2 kA/m. This large field range, the magnetic window (Hw), is the main advantage of this sensor compared to other magnetic sensor physical principles for contactless potentiometers. Therefore, large mounting tolerances and variations in the field strength of the rotating permanent magnet can be accepted. The temperature dependence of the sensor is linear both for the ground resistance (R0) and the signal amplitude (ΔR), allowing simple and effective electronic temperature compensation. The sensor can be operated up to 150 °C. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.364811
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure of cross-tie wall in thin Co films resolved by magnetic force microscopy (1996)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 68 (1996), S. 3635-3637 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have studied the magnetic domain structure of a thin polycrystalline Co film by magnetic force microscopy (MFM). Domain walls of the cross-tie type have been observed for a Co film of 50 nm thickness. Due to the high lateral resolution of MFM we have been able to study the magnetic structure of a single cross tie. We have determined locations of Bloch lines within a domain wall comparing the experimental data with a theoretical model of a cross-tie wall. In order to explain our experimental results we have proposed a model for the interaction between a MFM tip and a cross-tie wall. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.115754
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    LiMn2O4 low-temperature phase: synchrotron and neutron diffraction study (1999)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 32 (1999), S. 1186-1189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The structural evolution of LiMn2O4 spinel was followed from 320 K down to 10 K. The structural transformation, recently studied down to 230 K [Rodriguez-Carvajal, Rousse, Masquelier & Hervieu (1998). Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 4660–4663], takes place near room temperature with a significant hysteresis: the high-temperature cubic phase transforms to a superstructure orthorhombic cell. The present study indicates that the nuclear structure is stable down to 10 K, while neutron diffraction patterns below 80 K show the rise of a magnetic ordering in the spinel phase. From Mn—O bond-length analysis of the MnO6 octahedra, a temperature-independent charge ordering in the structure can be deduced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889899011577
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Absolutmessung einiger Argon-II-Übergangswahrscheinlichkeiten (1967)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 206 (1967), S. 184-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Some Ar II transition probabilities were measured absolutely using a tungsten ribbon lamp as a calibration standard. The plasma was produced by a conical Theta-pinch. Gas mixtures of H∶Ar and He∶Ar were used to exclude inhomogeneity of the layer as a possible source of error. Electron densities and temperatures were determined by measuring Hydrogen and Helium line profiles respectively, and line to continuum intensity ratios. The measured values can be compared with results of earlier experiments and with newer theoretical calculations. The agreement between the results of this experiment and the theoretical values is satisfactory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01325926
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