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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Composition-Graded Solid Electrolyte for Determination of the Gibbs Energy of Formation of Lanthanum Zirconate (1998)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 81 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A composition-graded solid electrolyte has been used to determine the standard Gibbs free energy of formation of lanthanum zirconate (La2Zr2O7) from the component oxides lanthana (La2O3) (A-rare earth) and zirconia (ZrO2) (monoclinic) in the temperature range of 870–1240 K. The cell used for measurement can be represented as Pt, O2, CaO + CaF2∥ CaF2| (LaF3)x(CaF2)1-x∥LaF3+ La2Zr2O7+ ZrO2, O2, Pt x=0 x=0.32 A composition-graded electrolyte has been introduced to compensate the solubility effects of the electrode material (lanthanum fluoride, LaF3) in the solid electrolyte (calcium fluoride, CaF2). The ability of the graded electrolyte to gen-erate a Nernstian response is demonstrated, using electrodes with known fluorine chemical potentials. For the reaction La2O3 (A-rare earth) + 2ZrO2 (monoclinic) → La2Zr2O7 (pyrochlore), the Gibbs free energy change (ΔG°f,ox) is given by the formula −133800 −10.32T (±4500) (in units of J/mol). The enthalpy and entropy of formation of La2Zr2O7 obtained in this study are in good agreement with calorimetric data. The “third-law” enthalpy of formation of La2Zr2O7, from the component oxides at 298.15 K, is −133.8 ± 5 kJ/mol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1998.tb02568.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solid-State Immiscibility and Thermodynamics of the Calcium Oxide-Strontium Oxide System (1998)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 81 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Solid-state miscibility gap in the pseudo-binary calcium oxide-strontium oxide (CaO-SrO) system is delineated by X-ray diffractometry studies on samples equilibrated either under vacuum or in a flowing inert-gas atmosphere at temperatures of 973-1273 K. For the CaxSr1−xO solid solution, an asymmetric phase boundary that is characterized by a critical temperature of 1173 (±3) K and a composition of x= 0.53 (±0.01) is obtained. The excess Gibbs energy of mixing of the solid solution, which is derived from the experimental phase-boundary compositions and temperatures, can be represented by the expression ΔGE=x (1−x)[(27040 − 5.82 T) x+ (24915 − 5.34 T)(1 −x)] (in units of J/mol). It is necessary to include excess entropy terms to obtain a good fit to the experimental data. The chemical spinodal curve is computed from the thermodynamic parameters. The results obtained in this study are compared with phase-diagram and calorimetric information that is available in the literature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1998.tb02451.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrochemical Determination of the Gibbs Energy of Formation of MgAl2O4 (1998)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 81 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The standard Gibbs energy of formation of the spinel MgAl2O4 from component oxides, MgO and α-Al2O3, has been determined in the temperature range 900 to 1250 K using a solid-state cell incorporating single-crystal CaF2 as the solid electrolyte. The cell can be represented as—Pt,O2,MgO+MgF2|CaF2|MgF2+MgAl2O4+α-Al2O3,O2,Pt—The standard Gibbs energy of formation from binary oxides, computed from the reversible emf, can be represented by the expression—capdeltaG°f,ox=−23600 − 5.91T(±150) J/mol—The ‘second-law’ enthalpy of formation of MgAl2O4 obtained in this study is in good agreement with high-temperature solution calorimetric studies reported in the literature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1998.tb02316.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase relations in the Fe-Ni-Cr-S system and the sulfidation of an austenitic stainless steel (1979)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 13 (1979), S. 25-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: thermochemical diagrams ; Fe-Cr-S system ; Fe-Ni-S system ; Ni-Cr-S system ; Fe-Ni-Cr-S system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The stability fields of various sulfide phases that form on Fe-Cr, Fe-Ni, Ni-Cr, and Fe-Cr-Ni alloys have been developed as a function of temperature and the partial pressure of sulfur. The calculated stability fields in the ternary A-B-S system are displayed on plots of log $${\text{p}}_{S_2 } $$ vs. the conjugate extensive variable (nA/nA−nB), which provides a better framework for following the sulfidation of Fe-Cr-Ni alloys at high temperatures. Experimental and estimated thermodynamic data were used in developing the sulfur potential diagrams. Current models and correlations were employed to estimate the unknown thermodynamic behavior of solid solutions of sulfides and to supplement the incomplete phase-diagram data of geophysical literature. These constructed stability field diagrams are in excellent agreement with the sulfide phases and compositions determined experimentally during the sulfidation of SAE 310 stainless steel. The sulfur potential plots appear to be very useful in predicting and correlating the sulfidation of commercial alloys.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00715869
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphological instabilities in pattern formation by precipitation and crystallization processes (1996)
    Springer
    Geologische Rundschau 85 (1996), S. 19-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 0016-7835
    Keywords: Key words Anastomoses ; Crystal zoning ; Snow bands ; Liesegang rings ; Ostwald ripening ; Self organization ; Siderite ; Supersaturation theory ; Zebra rock
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Morphological instabilities in periodic patterns occurring both in precipitation and crystallization processes (Liesegang rings and crystal zoning) are investigated and compared with similar patterns in geological samples (zebra rocks and mud bands in snow sediments). In classical Liesegang systems, undisturbed parallel or concentric precipitation bands are emanated from even or concentric diffusion sources in homogeneous diffusion matrices of gelatine or other gels. In the case of superposing diffusion sources, sources with undulatory curvatures or local diffusion barriers there may occur several types of instabilities within the sequence of regular patterns: (a) gaps within the bands forming radial alleys free of precipitate, (b) transition from broken bands to speckled patterns and (c) apparent branching of bands linked together by so-called anastomoses. Calculations with a competitive particle growth (CPG) model show that lateral instabilities in Liesegang bands (gaps and radial alleys of gaps) are the result of Ostwald ripening effects taking place after precipitation. Apparent branching of bands or formation of anastomoses can be simulated with a prenucleation model according to Ostwald's supersaturation theory. Similar irregularities can be observed in zebra rocks (e.g. banded siderite) whose bandings are commonly explained by sequential sedimentation processes. A very different mechanism is assumed to be responsible for the origin of mud bands in snow sediments. An initially homogeneous distribution of intrinsic mud in snow sediments can be arranged into parallel bands according to a crystal zoning mechanism which is based on repeated thawing and freezing of the snow sediment due to the daily alternation of sun and darkness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00192056
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Self-organization of recent rhythmic iron–manganese precipitations in underground mines in the Harz mountains (1996)
    Springer
    Geologische Rundschau 85 (1996), S. 29-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 0016-7835
    Keywords: Key words Banded mineralization ; Harz mountains ; Self-organization ; Iron ; manganese ; ferrihydrite ; birnessite ; Time-series analysis ; Aquatic systems ; Iron bacteria ; Ostwald ripening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  A recent early diagenetic banded iron–manganese mud has been forming underground in a closed lead–zinc mine for approximately 40 years. The processes leading to the banded structure of the precipitate were studied during a period of 2 years. Therefore, 19 physical and chemical parameters were measured regularly in short intervals. The resulting time series were analysed with respect to the data sets of the monthly chemical analyses of the descendent mine water, the daily rainfall and the mineral content. The results reveal that the precipitated material undergoes internal self-organization due to interaction of redox, colloid-chemical, microbial, electrical and ripening processes, and not exclusively produced by seasonal fluctuations of material input. Thus, the primary banding of the material, caused by externally forced fluctuations of the redox conditions within the mine water, is reorganized after a short time. The finally observed bands are controlled by non-linear coupling of reaction and transport processes within the mud. A genetic model for the banded mineralization was developed and verified by numerical simulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00192057
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphological instabilities in pattern formation by precipitation and crystallization processes (1996)
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 85 (1996), S. 19-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Anastomoses ; Crystal zoning ; Snow bands ; Liesegang rings ; Ostwald ripening ; Self organization ; Siderite ; Supersaturation theory ; Zebra rock
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Morphological instabilities in periodic patterns occurring both in precipitation and crystallization processes (Liesegang rings and crystal zoning) are investigated and compared with similar patterns in geological samples (zebra rocks and mud bands in snow sediments). In classical Liesegang systems, undisturbed parallel or concentric precipitation bands are emanated from even or concentric diffusion sources in homogeneous diffusion matrices of gelatine or other gels. In the case of superposing diffusion sources, sources with undulatory curvatures or local diffusion barriers there may occur several types of instabilities within the sequence of regular patterns: (a) gaps within the bands forming radial alleys free of precipitate, (b) transition from broken bands to speckled patterns and (c) apparent branching of bands linked together by so-called anastomoses. Calculations with a competitive particle growth (CPG) model show that lateral instabilities in Liesegang bands (gaps and radial alleys of gaps) are the result of Ostwald ripening effects taking place after precipitation. Apparent branching of bands or formation of anastomoses can be simulated with a prenucleation model according to Ostwald's supersaturation theory. Similar irregularities can be observed in zebra rocks (e.g. banded siderite) whose bandings are commonly explained by sequential sedimentation processes. A very different mechanism is assumed to be responsible for the origin of mud bands in snow sediments. An initially homogeneous distribution of intrinsic mud in snow sediments can be arranged into parallel bands according to a crystal zoning mechanism which is based on repeated thawing and freezing of the snow sediment due to the daily alternation of sun and darkness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00192056
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Self-organization of recent rhythmic iron-manganese precipitations in underground mines in the Harz mountains (1996)
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 85 (1996), S. 29-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Banded mineralization ; Harz mountains ; Self-organization ; Iron, manganese, ferrihydrite, birnessite ; Time-series analysis ; Aquatic systems ; Iron bacteria ; Ostwald ripening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A recent early diagenetic banded iron-manganese mud has been forming underground in a closed lead-zinc mine for approximately 40 years. The processes leading to the banded structure of the precipitate were studied during a period of 2 years. Therefore, 19 physical and chemical parameters were measured regularly in short intervals. The resulting time series were analysed with respect to the data sets of the monthly chemical analyses of the descendent mine water, the daily rainfall and the mineral content. The results reveal that the precipitated material undergoes internal self-organization due to interaction of redox, colloid-chemical, microbial, electrical and ripening processes, and not exclusively produced by seasonal fluctuations of material input. Thus, the primary banding of the material, caused by externally forced fluctuations of the redox conditions within the mine water, is reorganized after a short time. The finally observed bands are controlled by non-linear coupling of reaction and transport processes within the mud. A genetic model for the banded mineralization was developed and verified by numerical simulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00192057
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    T-maze phototaxis ofDrosophila melanogaster and several mutants in the visual systems (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 116 (1977), S. 209-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary T-maze phototaxis ofDrosophila melanogaster and several of its mutants was investigated as function of the light illuminating the mazes. For visible light the response curves of thewildtype are quite complex and nonmonotonic functions of the light intensity. The data are interpreted as a result of an interaction between visual subsystems: the system which receives inputs from receptor cells R1-R6 is inhibited by the system of receptor cells R7 and R8, probably by R8 alone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00605403
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphorus distribution profiles in 100-silicon using a spin-on source at low temperatures (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 64 (1996), S. 77-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: PACS: 66; 81.40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract.  Incorporation of phosphorus into silicon from a spin-on dopant layer (SOD) at 400 °C is described. Annealing experiments were carried out with SOD films deposited on (100) silicon substrates by using the spin-on technique. Conventional heating on a hotplate in normal atmosphere and a temperature range up to 400 °C was used to study the dopant incorporation. After removing the SOD-films one part of the silicon substrates was annealed at higher temperatures. Investigations were carried out by SIMS, SAM, XPS, HTEM, stripping Hall and Van der Pauw measurements before and after the high temperature annealing. Chemical phosphorus concentration profiles obtained from low temperature annealed samples showed diffusion depths of 60–80 nm (extrapolated to a substrate doping level of 1016 cm-3) and surface concentrations of 1019–1020 cm-3. Electron concentration profiles exhibiting maximum values around 2⋅1019 cm-3 could be measured on high temperature annealed samples only.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003390050447
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