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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inactivation Kinetics of Food Poisoning Microorganisms by Carbon Dioxide and High Hydrostatic Pressure (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 68 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The inactivation kinetics of food poisoning microorganisms using a combined treatment of carbon dioxide (CO2) with high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) was investigated. Staphylococcus aureus, Fusarium oxysporum, and Fusarium sporotrichioides were totally inactivated by a combined treatment of carbonation and HHP at 500 MPa. Bacillus subtilis, a spore forming bacteria, were not completely inactivated after the combined treatment. The microorganisms treated by carbonation and HHP were exponentially reduced in a pressure range and the Dp -value, the Zp-value, and the activation volume were determined. UV absorbing materials leaked from injured cells. Morphological changes of the cells were observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb08273.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transitionless enhanced confinement and the role of radial electric field shear (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 7 (2000), S. 615-625 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Evidence is presented for the role of radial electric field shear in enhanced confinement regimes attained without sharp bifurcations or transitions. Temperature scans at constant density, created in the reheat phase following deuterium pellet injection into supershot plasmas in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor [J. D. Strachan, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 1004 (1987)] are simulated using a physics-based transport model. The slow reheat of the ion temperature profile, during which the temperature nearly doubles, is not explained by relatively comprehensive models of transport due to Ion Temperature Gradient Driven Turbulence (ITGDT), which depends primarily on the (unchanging) electron density gradient. An extended model, including the suppression of toroidal ITGDT by self-consistent radial electric field shear, does reproduce the reheat phase. The extended reheat at constant density is observed in supershot but not L-Mode plasmas. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.873867
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modification of magnetic properties of epitaxial Co/Cu multilayers by 1 MeV C+ irradiation (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 90 (2001), S. 2036-2038 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Epitaxial [Co/Cu]10 grown on Si (001) has been irradiated by 1 MeV C+ with a dose of 1×1016/cm2. The intrinsic characteristics of epitaxy, such as crystal structure and fourfold magnetic anisotropy, are conserved after ion irradiation. However, the extrinsic magnetic properties are changed such that the coercivity decreases and the squareness of the hysteresis loop is noticeably improved. The intensity of the Cu (200) peak in the x-ray diffraction pattern increases about three times and its half-width decreases after irradiation. It is concluded that the changes of magnetic properties induced by ion irradiation result from the grain growth and the improved crystalline quality. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1384483
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    correction: The DNA sequence of human chromosome 21 (2000)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 407 (2000), S. 110-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Nature 405, 311— 319; 2000. The name of one author, Y. Groner, was inadvertantly omitted from the author list but is included above. He is affiliated with the Department of Molecular Genetics and Human Genome Center, ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35024135
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The DNA sequence of human chromosome 21 (2000)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 405 (2000), S. 311-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Chromosome 21 is the smallest human autosome. An extra copy of chromosome 21 causes Down syndrome, the most frequent genetic cause of significant mental retardation, which affects up to 1 in 700 live births. Several anonymous loci for monogenic disorders and predispositions for common complex ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35012518
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluctuation measurements in tokamaks with microwave imaging reflectometry : Review,Tutorial and Invited Papers from the 43rd Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Plasma Physics (2002)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 9 (2002), S. 1955-1961 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: To study the mechanism of anomalous transport in tokamaks requires the use of sophisticated diagnostic tools for the measurement of short-scale turbulent fluctuations. In this article, we describe an attempt at developing a technique capable of providing a comprehensive description of plasma fluctuations with k⊥ρi〈1, such as those driven by the ion temperature gradient mode in tokamaks. The proposed method is based on microwave reflectometry, and stems from a series of numerical calculations showing that the spatial structure of fluctuations near the cutoff could be obtained from the phase of reflected waves when these are collected with a wide aperture optical system forming an image of the cutoff onto an array of phase sensitive detectors. Preliminary measurements with a prototype apparatus on the Torus Experiment for Technology Oriented Research 94 (TEXTOR-94) [U. Samm, Proceedings of the 16th IEEE Symposium on Fusion Engineering, 1995 (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 1995), p. 470] confirm the validity of these conclusions. Technical issues in the application of the proposed technique to tokamaks are discussed in this article, and the conceptual design of an imaging reflectometer for the visualization of turbulent fluctuations in the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) [M. Ono et al., Nucl. Fusion 40, 557 (2000)] is described. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1435564
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three-dimensional fluctuation imaging diagnostic for TEXTOR (abstract) : Papers from the thirteenth topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 72 (2001), S. 363-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: After more than 4 decades of fusion research, plasma transport in tokamaks remains an outstanding issue. The standard hypothesis, that the observed anomalous transport is caused by small scale turbulence, is consistent with experimental observations, but it is neither based on a self-consistent theory of plasma turbulence nor on an exhaustive set of turbulence measurements. One of the major obstacles to the development of a satisfactory anomalous transport theory is the inability of standard fluctuation diagnostics to provide the full spectrum of turbulent fluctuations. The result is a nearly complete reliance on numerical simulations. Unfortunately, in spite of the enormous capabilities of today's computers, this is extremely unsatisfactory since any theory or simulation of plasma turbulence can only be driven by direct experimental observations. The first step in achieving such data was the highly successful UC Davis Electron Cyclotron Emission (ECE) Imaging system, which was first developed for use on the TEXT-U tokamak and later modified for use on the Rijnhuizen Tokamak Project tokamak.1 Here, correlation techniques are applied to spatially resolved second harmonic ECE signals to provide detailed information about the microturbulence associated with Te fluctuations. The present work extends this work by developing a similar technique for spatially resolved ne fluctuations via microwave imaging reflectometry. The result is a diagnostic capable of the simultaneous measurement of both Te and ne fluctuations (both turbulent and coherent) and profiles on toroidal devices such as tokamaks and stellarators. A 16 channel ECE imaging system has recently been installed on the Torus Experiment for Technology Oriented Research (TEXTOR) tokamak. A prototype millimeter wave imaging reflectometry system will be installed on TEXTOR in July 2000, which will operate in V band (50–75 GHz) and reflect from the X-mode cutoff. Data collected with this system will be utilized in the design of the full three- dimensional (3D) imaging system, which is scheduled for installation on TEXTOR in April 2001. System details and laboratory characterization results of the prototype reflectometric imaging system will be presented, along with a preliminary design for the full 3D system. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1323469
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Status of far infrared tangential interferometry/polarimetry system on NSTX (abstract) : Papers from the thirteenth topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 72 (2001), S. 1067-1067 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Measurement of the core BT(r,t) value is essential in National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX), since effects of paramagnetism and diamagnetism in the Spherical Torus are expected to be considerably greater than that in higher aspect ratio tokamaks. Therefore, plasma parameters dependent upon BT such as the q-profile and local q value cannot be evaluated without independent measurement of BT(r,t). The multichord tangential far infrared interferometer/polarimeter (FIReTIP) system currently under development for NSTX will provide temporally and radially resolved toroidal field profile [BT(r,t)] and two-dimensional (2D) electron density profile [ne(r,t)] data. The seven channel system is based on three FIR lasers including the Stark tuned FIR laser operating at 119 μm which is an optimum wavelength for NSTX plasma parameters. The optical system is configured as a Michelson system using retroreflectors. The final system design is completed and initial two channels will be installed this fiscal year to support NSTX operation. The channel spacing of FIReTIP system is optimized via data analysis with various expected electron density and magnetic field profile shapes. In simulation study, the solution of self-consistent magnetohydrodynamics equilibrium was used to project a diamagnetic effect on the toroidal magnetic field. A detailed inversion process based on assumed profiles of the electron density and self-consistent toroidal field is exercised to estimate the source of errors for both local density and local magnetic field. The outcome of the proposed system is crucial to the study of confinement, heating and stability of NSTX plasmas. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1326012
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tunable omnidirectional reflection bands and defect modes of a one-dimensional photonic band gap structure with liquid crystals (2001)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 79 (2001), S. 15-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have theoretically investigated the tunability of the omnidirectional reflection band (ORB) of a one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystal (PC) consisting of alternating isotropic dielectric and nematic liquid crystal layers by an external electric field. The width of the ORB becomes wide as the external voltage increases, but the center frequency is changed little. The frequency of the defect mode created by inserting a layer of liquid crystals into a 1D dielectric PC is also found to be tunable by the application of external voltage. These properties can be applied to tunable optical filters or optical switches. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1381414
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spectroscopic ellipsometry study of SrBi2Ta2O9 ferroelectric thin films (2001)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 79 (2001), S. 1664-1666 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Optical properties of SrBi2Ta2O9 (SBT) ferroelectric thin films were investigated by spectroscopic ellipsometry at room temperature in the 1.5–5.5 eV spectral range. The films were grown on platinized silicon (Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si) with a Bi/Sr ratio (x) range from 1.2 to 2.8 by pulsed-laser deposition. The measured pseudodielectric functions of the samples indicate the band-gap energy of SBT shifts to lower energies as x increases. The optical constants and band-gap energies of the SBT films were determined through multilayer analyses on their pseudodielectric functions. The band-gap energy of SBT is found to shift to lower energies quite linearly with x. The band-gap energy at stoichiometric composition (x=2) is estimated to be 4.1 eV. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1402654
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