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  • 2000-2004  (818)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Resources and Trophic Interactions on Freshwater Bacterioplankton Diversity (2000)
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 40 (2000), S. 125-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a study of bacterioplankton in an oligotrophic lake in northern Wisconsin, a community fingerprinting technique, automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA), was used to determine the effect of resources and trophic interactions on bacterioplankton diversity. Inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus (NP), carbon in the form of glucose (G) or dissolved organic matter extracted from peat (DOM), and carbon and NP in combination were added to two types of experimental systems. Ten-liter mesocosms contained all components of the original aquatic community except for large zooplankton. One-liter dilution cultures were prepared so that the effects of grazers and phytoplankton were removed. During a 3-day incubation, bacterial production showed the greatest response to the carbon plus NP treatment in both experimental systems, but bacterial diversity was strikingly different between them. In the mesocosms, the number of ARISA-PCR fragments averaged 41 per profile, whereas the dilution culture communities were highly reduced in complexity, dominated in most cases by a single PCR fragment. Further analysis of the mesocosm data suggested that whereas the NPDOM addition caused the greatest aggregate bacterial growth response, the addition of NP alone caused the largest shifts in community composition. These results suggest that the measurement of aggregate responses, such as bacterial production, alone in studies of freshwater bacterial communities may mask the effects of resources on bacterioplankton.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002480000049
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computational system for group technology - PFA case study (2003)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Integrated manufacturing systems 14 (2003), S. 138-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0957-6061
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Economics
    Notes: A computational implementation of the production flow analysis, a software named GROUPTEC, for a small company has been proposed. Using GROUPTEC, a case study has been devised and applied to a company, belonging to aluminium-manufactured products branch. Four analyses of the production flow have been performed, that is, the factory flow analysis; group analysis; line analysis, and tool analysis. After the above technique application, the final results related to the technological cells and their components; part families and machinery groups lead to an adequate cell arrangement, with a grouping efficiency of approximately 98.8 per cent. A productivity gain of 30 per cent has been estimated with the time in movement of parts and queuing at the machine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09576060310459438
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three-component-mediated serotype conversion in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by bacteriophage D3 (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 39 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Bacteriophage D3 is capable of lysogenizing Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 (serotype O5), converting the O-antigen from O5 to O16 and O-acetylating the N-acetylfucosamine moiety. To investigate the mechanism of lysogenic conversion, a 3.6 kb fragment from the D3 genome was isolated capable of mediating serotypic conversion identical to the D3 lysogen strain (AK1380). The PAO1 transformants containing this 3.6 kb of D3 DNA exhibited identical lipopolysaccharide (LPS) banding patterns to serotype O16 in silver-stained SDS–PAGE gels and displayed reactivity to an antibody specific for O-acetyl groups. Further analysis led to the identification of three open reading frames (ORFs) required for serotype conversion: an α-polymerase inhibitor (iap); an O-acetylase (oac); and a β-polymerase (wzyβ). The α-polymerase inhibitor (Iap) is capable of inhibiting the assembly of the serotype-specific O5 B-band LPS and allows the phage-encoded β-polymerase (Wzyβ) to form new β-linked B-band LPS. The D3 phage also alters the LPS by the addition of O-acetyl groups to the FucNAc residue in the O-antigen repeat unit by the action of the D3 O-acetylase (Oac). These three components form a simple yet elegant system by which bacteriophage D3 is capable of altering the surface of P. aeruginosa PAO1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2001.02311.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aromatic components of two ferric enterobactin binding sites in Escherichia coli FepA (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 37 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ferric enterobactin is a catecholate siderophore that binds with high affinity (Kd ≈ 10−10 M) to the Escherichia coli outer membrane protein FepA. We studied the involvement of aromatic amino acids in its uptake by determining the binding affinities, kinetics and transport properties of site-directed mutants. We replaced seven aromatic residues (Y260, Y272, Y285, Y289, W297, Y309 and F329) in the central part of FepA primary structure with alanine, individually and in double combinations, and determined the ability of the mutant proteins to interact with ferric enterobactin and the protein toxins colicins B and D. All the constructs showed normal expression and localization. Among single mutants, Y260A and F329A were most detrimental, reducing the affinity between FepA and ferric enterobactin 100- and 10-fold respectively. Double substitutions involving Y260, Y272 and F329 impaired (100- to 2500-fold) adsorption of the iron chelate more strongly. For Y260A and Y272A, the drop in adsorption affinity caused commensurate decreases in transport efficiency, suggesting that the target residues primarily act in ligand binding. F329A, like R316A, showed greater impairment of transport than binding, intimating mechanistic involvement during ligand internalization. Furthermore, immunochemical studies localized F329 in the FepA ligand binding site. The mutagenesis results suggested the existence of dual ligand binding sites in the FepA vestibule, and measurements of the rate of ferric enterobactin adsorption to fluoresceinated FepA mutant proteins confirmed this conclusion. The initial, outermost site contains aromatic residues and probably functions through hydrophobic interactions, whereas the secondary site exists deeper in the vestibule, contains both charged and aromatic residues and probably acts through hydrophobic and electrostatic bonds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.02093.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential activation of the inflammasome by caspase-1 adaptors ASC and Ipaf (2004)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 430 (2004), S. 213-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Specific adaptors regulate the activation of initiator caspases; for example, FADD and Apaf-1 engage caspases 8 and 9, respectively. The adaptors ASC, Ipaf and RIP2 have each been proposed to regulate caspase-1 (also called interleukin (IL)-1 converting enzyme), which is activated within the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02664
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unexpected inhibition of fusion in nucleus–nucleus collisions (2001)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 413 (2001), S. 144-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Unstable heavy atomic nuclei not found in nature can be created by fusing two stable nuclei, in a process analogous to colliding charged droplets of liquid. Recently, the formation of a handful of super-heavy nuclei with atomic numbers 114 (ref. 1) and 116 (ref. 2) has ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/413144a0
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elevated CO2 effects on decomposition processes in a grazed grassland (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 10 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: The effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 (475 μL L−1) on in situ decomposition of plant litter and animal faecal material were studied over 2 years in a free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) facility. The pasture was grazed by sheep and contained a mixture of C3 and C4 grasses, legumes and forbs. There was no effect of elevated CO2 on decomposition within plant species but marked differences between species with faster decomposition in dicots; a group that increased in abundance at elevated CO2. Decomposition of mixed herbage root material occurred at a similar rate to that of leaf litter suggesting that any CO2-induced increase in carbon allocation to roots would not reduce rates of decomposition. Sheep faeces resulting from a ‘high-CO2 diet’ decomposed significantly slower during summer but not during winter. The overall outcome of these experiments were explored using scenarios that took account of changes in botanical composition, allocation to roots and the presence of herbivores. In the absence of herbivores, elevated CO2 led to a 15% increase in the rate of mass loss and an 18% increase in the rate of nitrogen (N) release. In the presence of herbivores, these effects were partially removed (11% increase in rate of mass loss and 9% decrease in N release rate) because of the recycling occurring through the animals in the form of faeces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00818.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen cycling in grazed pastures at elevated CO2: N returns by ruminants (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 9 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: In pastures grazed by large herbivores, nutrients cycle both through litter and animal excreta. We compared nitrogen (N) returns from sheep grazing a temperate pasture exposed to ambient or elevated CO2 (475 μmol mol−1) in a FACE (Free Air CO2 Enrichment) experiment established in the spring of 1997. In the spring of 2000 and 2001, we measured the chemical composition of the diet, sheep faeces and of individual plant species before grazing to characterize feed intake and to compare the intake of N to the N produced in faeces. In both years under elevated CO2, leaves of the individual species exhibited lower N concentrations and higher water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentrations. There was a significantly greater proportion of legume in the diet at elevated CO2 but, together with the changes in chemical composition of individual species, this resulted in diets that had similar N but higher WSC and digestibility for both ambient and elevated CO2. We found that a greater proportion of dietary N was partitioned to urine at elevated CO2, probably because of the higher proportion of legume N in the diet, with possible differences in protein quality. A potentially significant consequence of this change in partitioning is greater N loss through volatilization at higher CO2 levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2003.00711.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon and nitrogen pools and mineralization in a grassland gley soil under elevated carbon dioxide at a natural CO2 spring (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 6 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: The growth and chemical composition of most plants are influenced by elevated CO2, but accompanying effects on soil organic matter pools and mineralization are less clearly defined, partly because of the short-term nature of most studies. Herein we describe soil properties from a naturally occurring cold CO2 spring (Hakanoa) in Northland, New Zealand, at which the surrounding vegetation has been exposed to elevated CO2 for at least several decades. The mean annual temperature at this site is ≈ 15.5 °C and rainfall ≈ 1550 mm. The site was unfertilized and ungrazed, with a vegetation of mainly C3 and C4 grasses, and had moderate levels of ‘available’ P. Two soils were present − a gley soil and an organic soil – but only the gley soil is examined here. Average atmospheric CO2 concentrations at 17 sampling locations in the gley soil area ranged from 372 to 670 ppmv.In samples at 0–5 cm depth, pH averaged 5.4; average values for organic C were 150 g, total N 11 g, microbial C 3.50 g, and microbial N 0.65 g kg−1, respectively. Under standardized moisture conditions at 25 °C, average rates of CO2-C production (7–14 days) were 5.4 mg kg−1 h−1 and of net mineral-N production (14 −42 days) 0.40 mg kg−1 h−1. These properties were all correlated positively and significantly (P 〈 0.10) with atmospheric CO2 concentrations, but not with soil moisture (except for CO2-C production) or with clay content; they were, however, correlated negatively and mainly significantly with soil pH. In spite of uncertainties associated with the uncontrolled environment of naturally occurring springs, we conclude that storage of C and N can increase under prolonged exposure to elevated CO2, and may include an appreciable labile fraction in mineral soil with an adequate nutrient supply.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00357.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reduced water repellency of a grassland soil under elevated atmospheric CO2 (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 10 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Water repellency is a widespread characteristic of soils that can modify soil moisture content and distribution and is implicated in important processes such as aggregation and carbon sequestration. Repellency arises as a consequence of organic matter inputs; as elevated atmospheric CO2 is known to modify such inputs, we tested the repellency of a grassland soil after 5 years of exposure to elevated CO2 in a free air carbon dioxide enrichment experiment. Using a water droplet penetration time test, we found a significant reduction in repellency at elevated CO2 in samples at field moisture content. As many of the processes potentially influenced by repellency have been shown to be modified at elevated CO2 (e.g. soil aggregation, C sequestration, recruitment from seed), we suggest that further exploration of this phenomenon could enhance our understanding of CO2 effects on ecosystem function. The mechanism responsible for the change in repellency has not been identified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2003.00715.x
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