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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical Processing and Materials Compatibility of High-K Dielectric Materials for Advanced Gate Stacks (2001)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Solid state phenomena Vol. 76-77 (Jan. 2001), p. 19-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-9779
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/02/26/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FSSP.76-77.19.pdf
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Effect of Intrinsic Point Defects upon Dislocation Motion in Silicon (2001)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Solid state phenomena Vol. 82-84 (Nov. 2001), p. 219-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-9779
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/02/26/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FSSP.82-84.219.pdf
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimal annealing schedules for two-, three-, and four-level systems using a genetic algorithm approach (2000)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 112 (2000), S. 7964-7978 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An annealing schedule, T(t), is the temperature as function of time whose goal is to bring a system from some initial low-order state to a final high-order state. We use the probability in the lowest energy level as the order parameter, so that an ideally annealed system would have all its population in its ground-state. We consider a model system comprised of discrete energy levels separated by activation barriers. We have carried out annealing calculations on this system for a range of system parameters. In particular, we considered the schedule as a function of the energy level spacing, of the height of the activation barriers, and, in some cases, as a function of degeneracies of the levels. For a given set of physical parameters, and maximum available time, tm, we were able to obtain the optimal schedule by using a genetic algorithm (GA) approach. For the two-level system, analytic solutions are available, and were compared with the GA-optimized results. The agreement was essentially exact. We were able to identify systematic behaviors of the schedules and trends in final probabilities as a function of parameters. We have also carried out Metropolis Monte Carlo (MMC) calculations on simple potential energy functions using the optimal schedules available from the model calculations. Agreement between the model and MMC calculations was excellent. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.481397
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The failure of different strains of Yersinia pestis to produce lipopolysaccharide O-antigen under different growth conditions is due to mutations in the O-antigen gene cluster (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 197 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from eight strains of Yersinia pestis which had been cultured at 28°C appeared to be devoid of an O-antigen when analysed by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. LPS isolated from three of these strains which had been cultured at 37°C also appeared to be devoid of an O-antigen. When the LPS from Y. pestis strain CO92 was purified and analysed by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry, the observed signals were in the mass range predicted for molecules containing lipid A plus the core oligosaccharide but lacking an O-antigen. The nucleotide sequence of Y. pestis strain CO92 revealed the presence of a putative O-antigen gene cluster. However, frame-shift mutations in the ddhB, gmd, fcl and ushA genes are likely to prevent expression of the O-antigen thus explaining the loss of phenotype.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10608.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fate of Escherichia coli and Escherichia coli O157 in soils and drainage water following cattle slurry application at 3 sites in southern Scotland (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 18 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Slurry from farm animals may contaminate water supplies, rivers and bathing waters with faecal coliforms, such as Escherichia coli. Where animals harbour the O157 strain the hazard to human health is particularly high, but both the hazard level, and the low incidence and sporadic nature of the excretion of E. coli O157 make it difficult to study this strain under field conditions. The survival of total E. coli and of E. coli O157 were compared in the laboratory for two soils under controlled temperature and moisture. E. coli O157 die-off rate was the same as or quicker than for total E. coli. This result meant that field experiments studying the fate of total E. coli should give a satisfactory evaluation of the risk of water contamination by the O157 strain. In four field experiments at three sites, slurry containing total E. coli numbers of 2.2 × 104 to 5.7 × 105 colony forming units per mL (c.f.u. mL–1) was applied to drained field plots. Field die-off was faster than expected from laboratory experiments, especially in one experiment where two weeks dry weather followed application. In all but this experiment, the first drain flow events after slurry application led to very high E. coli concentrations in the drains (103 to 104 c.f.u. mL–1). E. coli O157 was present in the slurry used for two of the experiments (33 c.f.u. per 100 mL in each case). However the proportion of E.coli O157 was very low (about 1 in 105) and it was not detected in the drainage water. After the first week E. coli drainage water numbers decreased rapidly but they were 1–10 c.f.u. mL–1 for much of the sampling period after slurry application (1–3 months).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2002.tb00243.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of Ascochyta isolates and susceptibility of pea cultivars to the ascochyta disease complex in Alberta (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 49 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The relative virulence of 109 Ascochyta isolates collected from pea fields in Alberta from 1996 to 1998 were evaluated on 10-day-old seedlings by the excised leaf-assay technique. Twenty-eight isolates were avirulent, while the others produced lesions of various sizes on pea leaves. DNA samples from 86 isolates were amplified by the RAPD technique using PCR with single primers. One dominant genotype of Ascochyta pisi was identified throughout Alberta, but variations in virulence were not clearly differentiated by the RAPD technique. Five Ascochyta isolates, four virulent and one avirulent, were used to assess the susceptibility of 20 field pea cultivars available in Alberta, including 13 yellow types and seven green types. Based on symptom development, the yellow-type cultivars Swing, Eiffel and Delta, and the green-type cultivar Orb, were the most susceptible. Of yellow-type cultivars, Voyageur, Carneval and Montana were most resistant to Ascochyta infection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2000.00489.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A model for gate oxide wear out based on electron capture by localized states (2002)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 80 (2002), S. 832-834 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A model is proposed which addresses the effects of the oxide electric field and anode bias as well as the role of hydrogen in the trap generation process. The oxide wear-out phenomenon is considered as a multistep process initiated by the capture of injected electrons by localized states in SiO2. The captured electron significantly weakens the corresponding Si(Single Bond)O bond, which becomes unstable with respect to the applied electric field and temperature. The hydrogen presented in the oxide (due to anode hydrogen release process) prevents restoration of the broken bond that leads to the generation of a neutral E′ center. The model describes the charge-to-breakdown dependence on the electron fluence and energy, electric field, temperature, and oxide thickness. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1445812
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SENSORY DIRECTIONALS FOR PIZZA: A DEEPER ANALYSIS (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 16 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a set of analyses on sensory directional attributes used to rate experimentally designed pizza products. Consumers may or may not know the ‘optimal’ sensory level of attributes for pizza, so that the usefulness of the sensory directional varies by attribute. Furthermore, the sensory magnitude of each sensory directional attribute varies, as shown by the slope (B) relating the two attributes (Sensory Magnitude = A + B (Directional Rating)). The study incorporated sensory directionals into evaluation of products varied according to an experimental design. The optimal product emerging from the design does not necessarily exhibit a sensory directional profile where all attributes are ‘on target’, nor does a product whose sensory attributes are all on ‘target’ exhibit the highest level of liking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-459X.2001.tb00322.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    VARIABILITY IN HEDONICS: INDICATIONS OF WORLD-WIDE SENSORY AND COGNITIVE PREFERENCE SEGMENTATION (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 15 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper approaches inter-individual differences in the hedonics of food products as an indication of the existence of different groups of people with different likes and dislikes. Rather than considering the differences as an unpleasant fact of nature, to be ignored, the paper shows how these differences point to segments of consumers in the population. These segments enable the product developer to create different types of food products, in order to satisfy the different tastes. The paper, presenting an algorithm for segmentation of individuals into different groups, results from three studies with foods, and the extension of the particular segmentation algorithm into concepts (with three additional studies). The paper presents both new data and results from previously published research. These data are presented in a case history format.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-459X.2000.tb00271.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SELECTING PRODUCTS FOR CATEGORY APPRAISAL STUDIES — FEWER PRODUCTS DO ALMOST AS WELL AS MANY PRODUCTS (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of sensory studies 16 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-459X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper analyzes the results of different strategies for selecting test products in category appraisals. The three strategies are random selection of products from the marketplace, selection on the basis of consumer sensory data, and selection on the basis of expert panel data. All three methods generate stable results for category appraisals. The stability of the results (e.g., in terms of ‘drivers of liking’) increases very quickly and then levels off, suggesting that the researcher does not have to work with a particularly large number of products in a category appraisal to understand the sensory-liking dynamics.It appears in our case, that 18 products were an appropriate number to strongly reflect results for 50 products. Researchers need to be sensitive to the variation in each category. Some categories may require more or less than this number of products to cover all the sensory ranges within the specific category.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-459X.2001.tb00318.x
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