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  • Articles  (487)
  • 2000-2004  (457)
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE BIOLOGY OF IGE AND THE BASIS OF ALLERGIC DISEASE (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 21 (2003), S. 579-628 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Allergic individuals exposed to minute quantities of allergen experience an immediate response. Immediate hypersensitivity reflects the permanent sensitization of mucosal mast cells by allergen-specific IgE antibodies bound to their high-affinity receptors (FcepsilonRI). A combination of factors contributes to such long-lasting sensitization of the mast cells. They include the homing of mast cells to mucosal tissues, the local synthesis of IgE, the induction of FcepsilonRI expression on mast cells by IgE, the consequent downregulation of FcgammaR (through an insufficiency of the common gamma-chains), and the exceptionally slow dissociation of IgE from FcepsilonRI. To understand the mechanism of the immediate hypersensitivity phenomenon, we need explanations of why IgE antibodies are synthesized in preference to IgG in mucosal tissues and why the IgE is so tenaciously retained on mast cell-surface receptors. There is now compelling evidence that the microenvironment of mucosal tissues of allergic disease favors class switching to IgE; and the exceptionally high affinity of IgE for FcepsilonRI can now be interpreted in terms of the recently determined crystal structures of IgE-FcepsilonRI and IgG-FcgammaR complexes. The rate of local IgE synthesis can easily compensate for the rate of the antibody dissociation from its receptors on mucosal mast cells. Effective mechanisms ensure that allergic reactions are confined to mucosal tissues, thereby minimizing the risk of systemic anaphylaxis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141103
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A thin film device as a low energy, high flux charged particle spectrometer : Papers from the thirteenth topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 72 (2001), S. 792-795 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We are continuing our investigation of the use of stacks of electrically isolated thin metal foils as spectrometers for lost ions from tokamak fusion plasmas. Devices of this type in which the foil thicknesses were a few micrometers were installed on the Joint European Torus during the recent first deuterium–tritium experiment in an effort to observe lost energetic alpha particles. While there was no convincing evidence of lost alpha particles in this experiment, we did observe significant fluxes of low energy (〈500 keV) charged particles. In an effort to provide an instrument for the investigation of this phenomenon and of escaping relatively low energy (〈100 keV) ions from other fusion plasma devices, we have developed alternative devices with very thin (few hundred nanometers) alternating layers of conductor and insulator. Four such devices have been fabricated and tested for protons with energies between 20 and 160 keV and demonstrated good energy resolution (typically about 10%) for proton bombarding energies between about 40 and 120 keV. One of the devices, consisting of deposited layers of Al, Ti, and SiO2 was operated up to a current density of about 100 m/cm2 at an energy of 100 keV, corresponding to a power volume density of 100 kW/cm3 © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1319359
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laser heated diamond cell system at the Advanced Photon Source for in situ x-ray measurements at high pressure and temperature : Laser heated diamond cell techniques workshop (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 72 (2001), S. 1273-1282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We describe a laser heated diamond anvil cell system at the GeoSoilEnviroCARS sector at the Advanced Photon Source. The system can be used for in situ x-ray measurements at simultaneously ultrahigh pressures (to 〉150 GPa) and ultrahigh temperatures (to 〉4000 K). Design goals of the laser heating system include generation of a large heating volume compared to the x-ray beam size, minimization of the sample temperature gradients both radially and axially in the diamond anvil cell, and maximization of heating stability. The system is based on double-sided laser heating technique and consists of two Nd:YLF lasers with one operating in TEM00 mode and the other in TEM01* mode, optics to heat the sample from both sides, and two spectroradiometric systems for temperature measurements on both sides. When combined with an x-ray microbeam (3–10 μm) technique, a temperature variation of less than 50 K can be achieved within an x-ray sampled region for longer than 10 min. The system has been used to obtain in situ structural data and high temperature equations of state on metals, oxides, and silicates to 3500 K and 160 GPa. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1343867
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Silicon monolithic microchannel-cooled laser diode array (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 77 (2000), S. 10-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A monolithic microchannel-cooled laser diode array is demonstrated that allows multiple diode-bar mounting with negligible thermal cross talk. The heat sink comprises two main components: a wet-etched Si layer that is anodically bonded to a machined glass block. The continuous wave (cw) thermal resistance of the 10 bar diode array is 0.032 °C/W, which matches the performance of discrete microchannel-cooled arrays. Up to 1.5 kW/cm2 is achieved cw at an emission wavelength of ∼808 nm. Collimation of a diode array using a monolithic lens frame produced a 7.5 mrad divergence angle by a single active alignment. This diode array offers high average power/brightness in a simple, rugged, scalable architecture that is suitable for large two-dimensional areas. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.126860
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Melting of indium at high pressure determined by monochromatic x-ray diffraction in an externally-heated diamond anvil cell (2001)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 78 (2001), S. 3208-3210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The melting behavior of indium at high pressure has been studied in an externally heated diamond anvil cell (DAC) using x-ray diffraction measurements. Melting at high pressure was identified by the appearance of diffuse scattering from the melt with the simultaneous disappearance of crystalline diffraction signals. The observed melting curve is in good agreement with previous determinations based on resistivity measurements in a piston cylinder apparatus. These results demonstrate the successful melting experiments in a DAC using the x-ray diffuse scattering as the melting criterion. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1374497
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal contact conductance of actuated interfaces (2002)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 81 (2002), S. 1216-1218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The thermal contact conductance (TCC) of microactuated mechanical interfaces has been characterized using an electronic technique, where micromachined test structures were heated with a current and the TCC was inferred from the change in resistance. For every device tested, the TCC was higher in vacuum than in air. This is in stark contrast to the behavior of bulk interfaces, and several experiments suggest that it may be the result of a decreased solid–solid contact area in air caused by the pressure of the interstitial gas. The average effective TCC of a polysilicon/nitride interface brought together by electrostatic actuation varies about values of 6.0×104 W/(K m2) in air and 9.5×104 W/(K m2) under vacuum for applied pressures of 1 MPa. These values are significantly higher than commonly reported for nonmetallic materials and probably reflect the very smooth surfaces of deposited thin films. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1499518
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A simple process-based model for estimating ammonia emissions from agricultural land after fertilizer applications (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 20 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Fertilizer applications to agricultural land are a significant source of ammonia (NH3) emission to the atmosphere, accounting for approximately 10% of the total emissions from agriculture. Current estimates of emissions from fertilizer applications use ‘fixed’ emission factors. This paper describes a model in which the emission factors are expressed as a function of the important influencing variables: fertilizer type, soil pH, land use, application rate, rainfall and temperature. Total emission in 2002 for the UK were estimated by running the model for a ’standard UK‘ scenario, viz. 28.7 kt NH3-N, which compares well with the UK inventory estimate of 30.4 kt NH3-N. Differences exist in the estimates for specific fertilizer types, with the mean emission factor for urea applications to grassland, in particular, being lower by use of this model (13% compared with 23% of applied N for the UK inventory). Emission estimates were most sensitive to temperature and fertilizer type. Scenario testing showed that significant reductions in emission could be achieved by replacing urea with other forms of N fertilizer, by combining urea use with a urease inhibitor, or by modifying some management practices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00385.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystallization of Paraffin Wax1 (1927)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial & engineering chemistry 19 (1927), S. 935-938 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5045
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie50212a028
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Explosive Properties of Lacquer–Solvent Vapors (1928)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial & engineering chemistry 20 (1928), S. 187-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5045
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie50218a029
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Agribusiness on a Grand Scale – Felda's Sahabat Complex in East Malaysia (2001)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 22 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: While agribusiness is normally associated with western multinational companies, Malaysia provides an alternative example of a Third World agribusiness, the Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA). FELDA has evolved through an advisory stage and then a major land settlement agency phase, assisting Malaysia's rural poor, to its present position as a major employer of immigrant agricultural labour and as a large commercial business in palm oil exporting. This recent agribusiness approach is best exemplified by FELDA's Sahabat complex of 54 schemes in Eastern Sabah. There, mono-cultural oil palm cropping has been successfully developed while earlier environmental concerns have been largely ignored. Plans for Sahabat have been modified to accommodate immigrant labourers from Indonesia and the Philippines rather than local settlers from Malaysia. A modernised plantation approach has taken over from the initial contract farming and social engineering approach.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9493.00095
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