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  • Springer  (236)
  • 2000-2004  (229)
  • 1960-1964  (7)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Precipitation episodes in the upper Colorado River basin (1964)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 213-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary We wish to learn whether annual precipitation over the Colorado watershed is determined by occurrence or non-occurrence of a few large storms; or by other controls such as variations in frequency of minor disturbances. It is found that there is a semi-constant ‘noise’ level of about six inches precipitation per year, composed of small rains. Occasional very large storms do contribute to rank order of annual precipitation over the available data sample which covers the period 1930–1960. However, most contribution to the rank order is derived from medium-sized storms yielding 0.3–1.2 inches of precipitation over the basin. Since storm yield depends mainly on duration rather than on precipitation intensity per day, a good correlation exists between annual precipitation and the number of days with precipitation above a certain threshold.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00879727
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reconstructing the Diversification of α-Esterases: Comparing the Gene Clusters of Drosophila buzzatii and D. melanogaster (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 51 (2000), S. 149-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words:Drosophila— Gene duplications — Carboxyl/cholinesterases — Phylogeny — Tertiary structure — Evolutionary rates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. A cluster composed of 10 active α-esterase genes and a pseudogene is distributed over 60 kb in the Drosophila melanogaster genome. This paper describes the corresponding cluster in Drosophila buzzatii, whose lineage diverged from that of D. melanogaster when the subgenera Drosophila and Sophophora diverged about 50 Mya. With three exceptions we find that the composition of the cluster is conserved in the two lineages. The location of αE1 in D. melanogaster differs from that of its nearest relative in D. buzzatii, and αE4 has duplicated independently in the two lineages. The nature of these differences indicates that a mechanism exists whereby copies of genes can be placed in opposite orientation and nonadjacent positions within a gene cluster, although this does not seem to be a feature of earlier events in the cluster's evolution. The rates of amino acid change are not significantly different between orthologs, but the rates differ sevenfold among paralogs, indicating that very different selective forces are acting on the genes of the cluster. Mapping of sequence differences onto a model of the tertiary structure of the enzymes indicates that motifs contributing to substrate binding and catalysis have changed radically in the αE4s and suggest that this subgroup of α-esterases may be evolving into a substantially different functional niche.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002390010075
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determining the Relative Rates of Change for Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Proteins with Anciently Duplicated Paralogs (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 51 (2000), S. 173-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words: Universal tree — Evolutionary rate — Paralogous rooting — Protein sequence evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. The relative rates of change for eight sets of ubiquitous proteins were determined by a test in which anciently duplicated paralogs are used to root the universal tree and distances are calculated between each taxonomic group and the last common ancestor. The sets included ATPase subunits, elongation factors, signal recognition particle and its receptor, three sets of tRNA synthetases, transcarbamoylases, and an internal duplication in carbamoyl phosphate synthase. In each case phylogenetic trees were constructed and the distances determined for all pairs. Taken over the period of time since their last common ancestor, average evolutionary rates are remarkably similar for Bacteria and Eukarya, but Archaea exhibit a significantly slower average rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002390010078
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sequence duplication at the 3′ end of BoLA-DQB genes suggests multiple allelic lineages (2000)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 52 (2000), S. 101-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: BoLA Major histocompatibility complex Cattle Polymorphism cDNA sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Full-length cDNAs encoding the DQB genes expressed by three BoLA class II haplotypes (DH8A, DH15B, and DH24A) were amplified by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, cloned, and sequenced. The sequence data revealed that the DH8A haplotype expressed two DQB genes (DQB*1005 and DQB*1201) while the DH15B and DH24A haplotypes expressed the same single gene (DQB*0101). Comparison of the three alleles showed that the 3′ untranslated (3′UT) sequence of the DQB*1201 allele contained a duplication of about 200 bp. This repeat was also found in other DQB alleles from cattle and sheep, but only in haplotypes with duplicated DQB genes. This 200-bp repeat and other features of the 3′UT may provide useful markers of DQB evolution, allowing us to distinguish and selectively amplify the different DQB loci.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510000257
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 ferments ball-milled cellulose as fast as cellobiose until cellulose surface area is limiting (2000)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 54 (2000), S. 570-574 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 grew rapidly on cellobiose (0.31 h−1) and the absolute rate of increase in fermentation acids was 0.68 h−1. Cultures that were provided with ball-milled cellulose initially produced fermentation acids and microbial protein as fast as those provided with cellobiose, but the absolute cellulose digestion rate eventually declined. If the inoculum size was increased, the kinetics decayed from first to zero order (with respect to cells) even sooner, but in each case the absolute rate declined after only 20 to 30% of the cellulose had been fermented. Congo red binding indicated that the cellulose surface area of individual cellulose particles was not decreasing, and the transition of ball-milled cellulose digestion corresponded with the appearance of unbound cells in the culture supernatant. When bound cells from partially digested cellulose were removed and the cellulose was re-incubated with a fresh inoculum, the initial absolute fermentation rate was as high as the one observed for undigested cellulose and cellobiose. Based on these results, cellulose digestion by F. succinogenes S85 appears to be constrained by cellulose surface area rather than cellulase activity per se.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530000426
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Imaging microtubules and kinesin decorated microtubules using tapping mode atomic force microscopy in fluids (2000)
    Springer
    European biophysics journal 28 (2000), S. 611-620 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Key words Kinesin ; Microtubules ; Atomic force microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The atomic force microscope has been used to investigate microtubules and kinesin decorated microtubules in aqueous solution adsorbed onto a solid substrate. The netto negatively charged microtubules did not adsorb to negatively charged solid surfaces but to glass covalently coated with the highly positively charged silane trimethoxysilylpropyldiethylenetriamine (DETA) or a lipid bilayer of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-dimethylammoniumpropane. Using electron beam deposited tips for microtubules adsorbed on DETA, single protofilaments could be observed showing that the resolution is up to 5 nm. Under conditions where the silane coated surfaces are hydrophobic, microtubules opened, presumably at the seam, whose stability is lower than that of the bonds between the other protofilaments. This led to a “sheet” with a width of about 100 nm firmly attached to the surface. Microtubules decorated with a stoichiometric low amount of kinesin molecules in the presence of the non-hydrolyzable ATP-analog 5′-adenylylimidodiphosphate could also be adsorbed onto silane-coated glass. Imaging was very stable and the molecules did not show any scan-induced deformation even after hundreds of scans with a scan frequency of 100 Hz.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002490050001
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toward an Integrated Classification of Ecosystems: Defining Opportunities for Managing Fish and Forest Health (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental management 25 (2000), S. 425-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: KEY WORDS: Ecosystem management; Forest health; Ecological restoration; Native fishes; Integrated management; Disturbance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002679910034
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation of defect density superlattices in binary compounds under nuclear irradiation (2000)
    Springer
    Physics of the solid state 42 (2000), S. 481-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 1063-7834
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Manifestation of antisite defects in crystals under irradiation is studied. Calculations show that the concentration of such defects can reach high levels under typical irradiation intensities and temperatures. It is shown that buildup of antisite defects and interaction between them can result in instability of the system during irradiation with respect to spatially nonuniform perturbations. The instability should give rise to a periodic modulation of the density of antisite defects. The region of instability as a function of crystal parameters and irradiation has been obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1131235
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ion cyclotron resonator in the magnetosphere (2000)
    Springer
    JETP letters 72 (2000), S. 298-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1090-6487
    Keywords: 94.30.Tz
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Our concern here is to present the idea of the ion cyclotron resonator in the planetary magnetosphere and to discuss briefly the experimental status of the corresponding theory. The resonator confines the ion cyclotron waves to a thin equatorial zone, so that it keeps the wave field from coming into contact with the ionosphere, resulting in a decrease in energy losses. The properties of the resonator are illustrated by adopting a plausible distribution of the magnetic field in the equatorial zone, which yields an expression for the discrete spectrum of the waves just above the gyrofrequency of heavy ions. We show that the resonator is remarkable for many reasons, including the frequency dependence of its size and specific structure of the spectrum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1328441
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diversity and osmoregulatory responses of bacteria isolated from two-phase olive oil extraction waste products (2000)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 555-561 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Alpeorujo ; bacteria ; biodiversity ; lipid composition ; olive-oil wastes ; osmoregulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Six phenotypically distinct groups of bacteria were isolated from Spanish and Greek sources of alpeorujo, the waste from two-phase decanter, continuous extraction olive oil mills. These different bacteria isolated from alpeorujo showed different growth and osmoregulatory responses to conditions of reduced water activity (aw), and there was a correlation between the ability of isolates to withstand low aw and grow on alpeorujo. One isolate (1A), which grew particularly well both on alpeorujo and in nutrient broth containing either 10% NaCl or 30% sucrose, was identified as being most closely related to Bacillus amyloliquifaciens using biochemical tests and partial 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. Bacillus sp. strain 1A was found to display an atypical membrane lipid response at low aw since the major change was an increase in the zwitterionic phosphatidylethanolamine rather than an anionic phospholipid such as phosphatidylglycerol. In addition, instead of the expected decrease, there was an increase in the average lipid fatty acid acyl chain length at low aw without any other compensatory fluidizing change.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008991118111
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