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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Need and opportunity for a North American caribou knowledge cooperative (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 19 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: The importance of migratory caribou (Rangifer tarandus) to northerners, the increasing pressure to extract non-living resources, and predicted global climate change have led researchers, managers and resource users alike to focus on how to improve our knowledge of this unique northern ungulate. Unprecedented threats to caribou sustainability, along with the increasingly acknowledged value of indigenous hunters’contribution to caribou research, pose the additional challenge to innovate research methods that accommodate differing cultural perspectives and facilitate communication among groups. This paper surveys the state of scientific knowledge of the eleven major northern mainland herds of North America. We recommend an approach to improve our working knowledge of barren-ground caribou in order to assess better future impacts. The transfer of knowledge gained from years of research and indigenous experience on many aspects of caribou ecology should be evaluated and, where applicable, transferred to herds with more modest databases. The establishment of a North American Caribou Monitoring and Assessment System, based on a synthesis of local knowledge and research-based science, is recommended as a tool for improved communication and collective learning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-8369.2000.tb00336.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simplified Kinetic Scheme of Flavor Formation by the Maillard Reaction (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 67 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : The simplified kinetic scheme presented categorizes the volatile compounds into 4 classes: pyrroles and other nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds (PY), furans and other oxygen-containing heterocyclic compounds (FU), carbonyls (C), and pyrazines (PZ). The scheme comprises 11 reaction steps. The order of magnitude of the reaction rate for some of these steps could be determined from literature sources. Using these rates, the scheme was able to correlate the pseudo-zero-order rate of generation of FU and PZ (from the literature) to the initial temperature and concentration of reactants. It also reproduces the kinetics of volatile formation in a model glucose-alanine system in a glycerol matrix, as measured for 4 temperatures by GC-MS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb08772.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection of Genetically Modified Food Products in a Commercial Laboratory (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 66 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Since genetically engineered agricultural plants entered the market, new challenges have been imposed on grain producers, food processors, and food testing laboratories. Service laboratories, especially in the United States, face a lack of standardization of testing methods for bioengineered crops. Food companies need a basis on which to choose a laboratory that can meet their specific analytical needs with regard to applicable regulations or commercial contracts by providing scientifically valid and reproducible results. This article outlines the prime technical aspects for laboratories providing analysis of food and agricultural products by PCR and ELISA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2001.tb04613.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Blanch Time and Cultivar Effects on Quality of Frozen and Stored Corn and Broccoli (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 65 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Three corn and 2 broccoli cultivars were steam blanched for various times and evaluated for residual enzyme activity. Lipoxygenase was inactivated in 4 min in supersweet corn, while sweet corn required a 6-min blanch; peroxidase was inactivated in 8 min. Inactivation of broccoli lipoxygenase, peroxidase, and cystine lyase was achieved in 90 s. Blanched samples were stored 9 mo at –18 °C, then analyzed for color, texture, hexanal, free fatty acids, and sugars. Firmness increased significantly with blanching in both commodities, then declined. Short blanch treatments targeting lipoxygenase inactivation positively affected color and texture of both corn and broccoli. Changes in current industry practices are recommended.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2000.tb16043.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deterministic and Stochastic Modeling of Aquifer Stratigraphy, South Carolina (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 38 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Deterministic and stochastic methods of three-dimensional hydrogeologic modeling are applied to characterization of contaminated Eocene aquifers at the Savannah River Site, South Carolina. The results address several important issues, including the use of multiple types of data in creating high-resolution aquifer models and the application of sequence-stratigraphic constraints. Specific procedures used include defining grid architecture stratigraphically, upscaling, modeling lithologic properties, and creating multiple equiprobable realizations of aquifer stratigraphy. An important question answered by the study is how to incorporate gamma-ray borehole-geophysical data in areas of anomalous log response, which occurs commonly in aquifers and confining units of the Atlantic Coastal Plain and other areas. To overcome this problem, gamma-ray models were conditioned to grain-size and lithofacies realizations. The investigation contributes to identifying potential pathways for downward migration of contaminants, which have been detected in confined aquifers at the modeling site.The approach followed in this investigation produces quantitative, stratigraphically constrained, geocellular models that incorporate multiple types of data from borehole-geophysical logs and continuous cores. The use of core-based stochastic realizations in conditioning deterministic models provides the advantage of incorporating lithologic information based on direct observations of cores rather than using only indirect measurements from geophysical logs. The high resolution of the models is demonstrated by the representation of thin, discontinuous clay beds that act as local barriers to flow. The models are effective in depicting the contrasts in geometry and heterogeneity between sheet-like nearshore-transgressive sands and laterally discontinuous sands of complex shoreline environments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00339.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monitored Natural Attenuation of Contaminants in the Subsurface: Applications (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 21 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: In recent years there has been increasing interest in the application of passive technologies to reduce or remove contaminants from the subsurface environment including soil and ground water. In most cases, the impetus for this interest lies in a perceived savings compared with more traditional remedial alternatives. In a few cases, the infrastructure at contaminated sites, such as buildings, paved areas, and utilities, makes the use of conventional remedial measures difficult and expensive.To demonstrate that natural processes are effective in reaching established goals, it is necessary to determine that transformation processes are taking place at a rate that is protective of human health and the environment and that these processes will continue for an acceptable period of time. The basic conditions that must be present to confirm natural attenuation processes arc taking place are discussed along with the behavior of contaminated plumes, monitoring requirements, data analysis, rates of degradation, and mathematical modeling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2001.tb00750.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monitored Natural Attenuation of Contaminants in the Subsurface: Processes (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 21 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Among the alternatives considered for the remediation of soil and ground water at hazardous wastes sites are the use of natural processes to reduce or remove the contaminants of concern, Under favorable conditions, the use of natural attenuation can result in significant cost savings and compensate for uncertainties encountered in complex subsurface settings. In order to demonstrate that natural processes are effective in reaching established goals it is necessary to determine that transformation processes are taking place at a rate which is protective of human health and the environment, and that these processes will continue for an acceptable period of time.While chemical transformation, dispersion, dilution, sorption, and volatilization are discussed, aerobic and anaerobic degradation comprise the major processes for the reduction of contaminant mass in the subsurface. In discussing the mechanisms of natural attenuation, chlorinated aliphatics and petroleum hydrocarbons are used as examples because of their significant impact on subsurface contamination and the effect of their physiochemical properties on attenuation processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2001.tb00305.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decision Analysis for Pump-and-Treat Design (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 20 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: The use of decision analysis (DA) has been proposed as a technique for selecting from among alternative designs for subsurface remediation. To assess the ability of DA to generate consistent decisions for the widely practiced pump-and-treat (PAT) strategy, 27 candidate PAT designs were compared for a case study site. The sensitivity of the alternative selection to various modeling assumptions was examined, including the complexity of the site-specific numerical models, the assumed degree of aquifer heterogeneity, the manner of defining failure, and the assumed cost of failure. The initial net-present-worth analysis resulted in the selection of one of two designs that included injection wells for effluent disposal and hydraulic control. However, when the injection wells were excluded from consideration, the selection from a diverse set of alternative PAT designs was highly sensitive to the particular modeling assumptions. In general, the practical usefulness of the DA approach is dependent on the ability to characterize the nature and probability of system failure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2000.tb00281.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Finite-Volume ELLAM for Three-Dimensional Solute-Transport Modeling (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 41 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: A three-dimensional finite-volume ELLAM method has been developed, tested, and successfully implemented as part of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) MODFLOW-2000 ground water modeling package. It is included as a solver option for the Ground Water Transport process. The FVELLAM uses space-time finite volumes oriented along the streamlines of the flow field to solve an integral form of the solute-transport equation, thus combining local and global mass conservation with the advantages of Eulerian-Lagrangian characteristic methods. The USGS FVELLAM code simulates solute transport in flowing ground water for a single dissolved solute constituent and represents the processes of advective transport, hydrodynamic dispersion, mixing from fluid sources, retardation, and decay. Implicit time discretization of the dispersive and source/sink terms is combined with a Lagrangian treatment of advection, in which forward tracking moves mass to the new time level, distributing mass among destination cells using approximate indicator functions. This allows the use of large transport time increments (large Courant numbers) with accurate results, even for advection-dominated systems (large Peclet numbers). Four test cases, including comparisons with analytical solutions and benchmarking against other numerical codes, are presented that indicate that the FVELLAM can usually yield excellent results, even if relatively few transport time steps are used, although the quality of the results is problem-dependent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02589.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of an Algebraic Multigrid Algorithm to Two Iterative Solvers Used for Modeling Ground Water Flow and Transport (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 40 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Numerical solution of large-scale ground water flow and transport problems is often constrained by the convergence behavior of the iterative solvers used to solve the resulting systems of equations. We demonstrate the ability of an algebraic multigrid algorithm (AMG) to efficiently solve the large, sparse systems of equations that result from computational models of ground water flow and transport in large and complex domains. Unlike geometric multigrid methods, this algorithm is applicable to problems in complex flow geometries, such as those encountered in pore-scale modeling of two-phase flow and transport. We integrated AMG into MODFLOW 2000 to compare two- and three-dimensional flow simulations using AMG to simulations using PCG2, a preconditioned conjugate gradient solver that uses the modified incomplete Cholesky preconditioner and is included with MODFLOW 2000. CPU times required for convergence with AMG were up to 140 times faster than those for PCG2. The cost of this increased speed was up to a nine-fold increase in required random access memory (RAM) for the three-dimensional problems and up to a four-fold increase in required RAM for the two-dimensional problems. We also compared two-dimensional numerical simulations of steady-state transport using AMG and the generalized minimum residual method with an incomplete LU-decomposition preconditioner. For these transport simulations, AMG yielded increased speeds of up to 17 times with only a 20% increase in required RAM. The ability of AMG to solve flow and transport problems in large, complex flow systems and its ready availability make it an ideal solver for use in both field-scale and pore-scale modeling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2002.tb02654.x
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